TY - JOUR
T1 - Children and gender inequality
T2 - Evidence from Denmark
AU - Kleven, Henrik
AU - Landais, Camille
AU - Søgaard, Jakob Egholt
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American Economic Association.
PY - 2019/10/1
Y1 - 2019/10/1
N2 - Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these "child penalties" in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity.
AB - Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these "child penalties" in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity.
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U2 - 10.1257/app.20180010
DO - 10.1257/app.20180010
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85066264022
SN - 1945-7782
VL - 11
SP - 181
EP - 209
JO - American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
JF - American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
IS - 4
ER -