TY - JOUR
T1 - Characterizing mass, momentum, energy, and metal outflow rates of multiphase galactic winds in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations
AU - Pandya, Viraj
AU - Fielding, Drummond B.
AU - Anglés-Alcázar, Daniel
AU - Somerville, Rachel S.
AU - Bryan, Greg L.
AU - Hayward, Christopher C.
AU - Stern, Jonathan
AU - Kim, Chang Goo
AU - Quataert, Eliot
AU - Forbes, John C.
AU - Faucher-Giguère, Claude André
AU - Feldmann, Robert
AU - Hafen, Zachary
AU - Hopkins, Philip F.
AU - Kereš, Dušan
AU - Murray, Norman
AU - Wetzel, Andrew
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Kevin Bundy, Yakov Faerman, PieroMadau, Eve Ostriker, Kung-Yi Su, Cassi Lochhaas, and the FIRE and SMAUG teams for helpful discussions. We are grateful to the referee for helping to improve the clarity of this paper. VP was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant no. 1339067 and a Flatiron Institute Pre- Doctoral Fellowship. DAA was supported in part by NSF grant no. AST-2009687. GLB acknowledges financial support from the NSF (grant nos. AST-1615955, OAC-1835509) and computing support fromNSF XSEDE.CGKwas supported byNationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrophysics Theory Program (ATP) grant NNX17AG26G. AW received support from NASA through ATP grants 80NSSC18K1097 and 80NSSC20K0513; HST grants GO-14734, AR-15057, AR-15809, and GO-15902 from Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI); the Heising-Simons Foundation; and a Hellman Fellowship. CAFG was supported by NSF through grants AST-1715216 and CAREER award AST-1652522; by NASA through grant 17-ATP17-0067; by STScI through grant HST-AR- 16124.001-A; and by a Cottrell Scholar Award and a Scialog Award from the Research Corporation for Science Advancement. DK was supported by NSF grant AST-1715101. ZH was supported by a Gary A. McCue postdoctoral fellowship at UC Irvine. Support for PFH was provided by NSF Research Grants 1911233 and 20009234, NSF CAREER grant 1455342, NASAgrants 80NSSC18K0562, HSTAR- 15800.001-A. Numerical calculations were run on the Caltech compute cluster 'Wheeler,' allocations FTA-Hopkins/AST20016 supported by the NSF and TACC, and NASA HEC SMD-16-7592. The data used in thiswork were, in part, hosted on facilities supported by the Scientific Computing Core at the Flatiron Institute, a division of the Simons Foundation. The simulations were run using XSEDE allocations TG-AST160048 (supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562) and TG-AST120025, and Pleiades via the NASA HEC programme through the NAS Division at Ames Research Center.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.
PY - 2021/12/1
Y1 - 2021/12/1
N2 - We characterize mass, momentum, energy, and metal outflow rates of multiphase galactic winds in a suite of FIRE-2 cosmological 'zoom-in' simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) project. We analyse simulations of low-mass dwarfs, intermediate-mass dwarfs, Milky Way-mass haloes, and high-redshift massive haloes. Consistent with previous work, we find that dwarfs eject about 100 times more gas from their interstellar medium (ISM) than they form in stars, while this mass 'loading factor' drops below one in massive galaxies. Most of the mass is carried by the hot phase (>105 K) in massive haloes and the warm phase (103-105 K) in dwarfs; cold outflows (<103 K) are negligible except in high-redshift dwarfs. Energy, momentum, and metal loading factors from the ISM are of order unity in dwarfs and significantly lower in more massive haloes. Hot outflows have 2-5 × higher specific energy than needed to escape from the gravitational potential of dwarf haloes; indeed, in dwarfs, the mass, momentum, and metal outflow rates increase with radius whereas energy is roughly conserved, indicating swept up halo gas. Burst-averaged mass loading factors tend to be larger during more powerful star formation episodes and when the inner halo is not virialized, but we see effectively no trend with the dense ISM gas fraction. We discuss how our results can guide future controlled numerical experiments that aim to elucidate the key parameters governing galactic winds and the resulting associated preventative feedback.
AB - We characterize mass, momentum, energy, and metal outflow rates of multiphase galactic winds in a suite of FIRE-2 cosmological 'zoom-in' simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) project. We analyse simulations of low-mass dwarfs, intermediate-mass dwarfs, Milky Way-mass haloes, and high-redshift massive haloes. Consistent with previous work, we find that dwarfs eject about 100 times more gas from their interstellar medium (ISM) than they form in stars, while this mass 'loading factor' drops below one in massive galaxies. Most of the mass is carried by the hot phase (>105 K) in massive haloes and the warm phase (103-105 K) in dwarfs; cold outflows (<103 K) are negligible except in high-redshift dwarfs. Energy, momentum, and metal loading factors from the ISM are of order unity in dwarfs and significantly lower in more massive haloes. Hot outflows have 2-5 × higher specific energy than needed to escape from the gravitational potential of dwarf haloes; indeed, in dwarfs, the mass, momentum, and metal outflow rates increase with radius whereas energy is roughly conserved, indicating swept up halo gas. Burst-averaged mass loading factors tend to be larger during more powerful star formation episodes and when the inner halo is not virialized, but we see effectively no trend with the dense ISM gas fraction. We discuss how our results can guide future controlled numerical experiments that aim to elucidate the key parameters governing galactic winds and the resulting associated preventative feedback.
KW - ISM: jets and outflows
KW - ISM: supernova remnants
KW - galaxies: evolution
KW - galaxies: haloes
KW - galaxies: star formation
KW - hydrodynamics
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U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stab2714
DO - 10.1093/mnras/stab2714
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85119040227
SN - 0035-8711
VL - 508
SP - 2979
EP - 3008
JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
IS - 2
ER -