TY - JOUR
T1 - Caught between two worlds
T2 - Genes and environment influence behaviour of plains×Grevy's zebra hybrids in central Kenya
AU - Schieltz, Jennifer M.
AU - Rubenstein, Daniel I.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Justine Cordingley, Jennifer Ruskey and Rosemary Warungu for their help in building, updating and accessing the long-term database on the plains and hybrid zebras. We also thank the editors, Michelle Scott and Nancy Solomon, and two anonymous referees for their comments, which helped greatly improve this paper. This work was conducted under approval from the Kenya National Council for Science and Technology, Kenya permit numbers NCST/5/002/R/648 (D.I.R.) and NCST/5/002/R/1222 (J.S.) and was supported in part by U.S. National Science Foundation Grants IBN-9874523 , CNS-025214 and IOB-9874523 and the Princeton Grand Challenges Program .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
PY - 2015/8/1
Y1 - 2015/8/1
N2 - Hybridization between related species has been documented in many animal groups, but little work has been done on the behaviour of hybrids relative to the parental species. Hybrid individuals generally possess physical characteristics of both parents, but behaviour may vary depending on complexity of gene interaction and the extent to which behaviours are learned from one species or the other. Studying hybrid behaviour can be an opportunity to separate environmental or learned traits from genetic ones. Here we report on the behaviour and sociality of natural plains-Grevy's zebra hybrids (Equus quagga×. Equus grevyi) from central Kenya. All hybrids were born to plains zebra mothers and raised exclusively in the plains zebra society. When leaving natal groups, hybrids showed no interest in and did not interact with Grevy's zebras. Therefore, any behavioural differences between hybrids and plains zebra may result from genetic influences of their Grevy's zebra fathers. We found several significant behavioural differences between hybrids and plains zebra. Hybrid females were more vigilant than plains zebra females and showed equivalent levels of vigilance to Grevy's zebra females. Male hybrids were seen alone more often (a Grevy's zebra trait) and in a greater diversity of behavioural states (bachelor, satellite, challenger, stallion, alone), and changed state more often than plains zebra males, indicating conflicting environmental and genetic cues. Adult hybrid males appear to show a divergence in behavioural paths, with some behaving like plains zebra males challenging for harems and others setting up territories as Grevy's males do. Both male and female hybrids stayed with their natal harems longer than either plains or Grevy's juveniles.
AB - Hybridization between related species has been documented in many animal groups, but little work has been done on the behaviour of hybrids relative to the parental species. Hybrid individuals generally possess physical characteristics of both parents, but behaviour may vary depending on complexity of gene interaction and the extent to which behaviours are learned from one species or the other. Studying hybrid behaviour can be an opportunity to separate environmental or learned traits from genetic ones. Here we report on the behaviour and sociality of natural plains-Grevy's zebra hybrids (Equus quagga×. Equus grevyi) from central Kenya. All hybrids were born to plains zebra mothers and raised exclusively in the plains zebra society. When leaving natal groups, hybrids showed no interest in and did not interact with Grevy's zebras. Therefore, any behavioural differences between hybrids and plains zebra may result from genetic influences of their Grevy's zebra fathers. We found several significant behavioural differences between hybrids and plains zebra. Hybrid females were more vigilant than plains zebra females and showed equivalent levels of vigilance to Grevy's zebra females. Male hybrids were seen alone more often (a Grevy's zebra trait) and in a greater diversity of behavioural states (bachelor, satellite, challenger, stallion, alone), and changed state more often than plains zebra males, indicating conflicting environmental and genetic cues. Adult hybrid males appear to show a divergence in behavioural paths, with some behaving like plains zebra males challenging for harems and others setting up territories as Grevy's males do. Both male and female hybrids stayed with their natal harems longer than either plains or Grevy's juveniles.
KW - Equid
KW - Equus grevyi
KW - Equus quagga
KW - Hybrid
KW - Zebra
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U2 - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.026
DO - 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.026
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84936774332
SN - 0003-3472
VL - 106
SP - 17
EP - 26
JO - Animal Behaviour
JF - Animal Behaviour
ER -