Boötes. IV. A new Milky Way satellite discovered in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey and implications for the missing satellite problem

Daisuke Homma, Masashi Chiba, Yutaka Komiyama, Masayuki Tanaka, Sakurako Okamoto, Mikito Tanaka, Miho N. Ishigaki, Kohei Hayashi, Nobuo Arimoto, Scott G. Carlsten, Robert H. Lupton, Michael A. Strauss, Satoshi Miyazaki, Gabriel Torrealba, Shiang Yu Wang, Hitoshi Murayama

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48 Scopus citations

Abstract

We report on the discovery of a new Milky Way (MW) satellite in Boötes based on data from the ongoing Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (SSP). This satellite, named Boötes IV, is the third ultra-faint dwarf that we have discovered in the HSC-SSP. We have identified a statistically significant (32.3σ) overdensity of stars with characteristics of a metal-poor, old stellar population. The distance to this stellar system is D⊙ =209+20-18\:kpc with a V-band absolute magnitude of M-V=-4.53+0.23-0.21\:mag. Boötes IV has a half-light radius of rh=462+98-84\:pc and an ellipticity of 0.64+0.05-0.05, which clearly suggests that this is a dwarf satellite galaxy. We also found another overdensity that appears to be a faint globular cluster with M-V=-0.20+0.59-0.83\:mag and rh=5.9+1.5-1.3\:pc located at D⊙ =46+4-4\:kpc. Adopting the recent prediction for the total population of satellites in a MW-sized halo by Newton et al. (2018, MNRAS, 479, 2853), which combined the characteristics of the satellites observed by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Dark Energy Survey with the subhalos obtained in ΛCDM models, we estimate that there should be about two MW satellites at MV ≤ 0 in the ∼676 deg2 covered by HSC-SSP, whereas that area includes six satellites (Sextans, Leo IV, Pegasus III, Cetus III, Virgo I, and Boötes IV). Thus, the observed number of satellites is larger than the theoretical prediction. On the face of it, we have a problem of too many satellites, instead of the well-known missing satellites problem whereby the ΛCDM theory overpredicts the number of satellites in a MW-sized halo. This may imply that the models need more refinement for the assignment of subhalos to satellites, such as considering those found by the current deeper survey. More statistically robust constraints on this issue will be brought by further surveys of HSC-SSP over the planned ∼1400 deg2 area.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number94
JournalPublications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
Volume71
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Oct 1 2019

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Space and Planetary Science

Keywords

  • Local Group
  • galaxies: dwarf
  • galaxies: individual (Boötes IV)
  • globular clusters: individual (HSC 1)

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