Benchmarking a test of temporal orientation with data from American and Taiwanese persons with Alzheimer's disease and American normal elderly

Orientation questions are readily incorporated into longitudinal population surveys, but their value as a screening tool for cognitive impairment is uncertain. We evaluated the screening value of four orientation-to-time items (TTO) from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) by determining their association with full-scale MMSE scores. Data collected under protocols with strict eligibility criteria in the US (64 normal elderly, 242 persons with probable Alzheimer's disease) and Taiwan (241 persons with probable Alzheimer's disease) were analyzed. The TTO and full-scale MMSE scores were signifi cantly correlated (p < 0.05) in persons with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0 or 1; this was not signifi cant in persons with a CDR of > 1 (p > 0.05). Both TTO and MMSE were signifi cantly associated with education in persons with 0-7 years of education; some MMSE items, but none of the TTO items, were associated with education in persons with more than 7 years of education. TTO may be a useful component of cognitive screening efforts.