Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

Marlee A. Tucker; Aafke M. Schipper; Tempe S.F. Adams; Nina Attias; Tal Avgar; Natarsha L. Babic; Kristin J. Barker; Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau; Dominik M. Behr; Jerrold L. Belant; Dean E. Beyer; Niels Blaum; J. David Blount; Dirk Bockmühl; Ricardo Luiz Pires Boulhosa; Michael B. Brown; Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar; Francesca Cagnacci; Justin M. Calabrese; Rok Černe; Simon Chamaillé-Jammes; Aung Nyein Chan; Michael J. Chase; Yannick Chaval; Yvette Chenaux-Ibrahim; Seth G. Cherry; Duško Ćirović; Emrah Çoban; Eric K. Cole; Laura Conlee; Alyson Courtemanch; Gabriele Cozzi; Sarah C. Davidson; Darren DeBloois; Nandintsetseg Dejid; Vickie DeNicola; Arnaud L.J. Desbiez; Iain Douglas-Hamilton; David Drake; Michael Egan; Jasper A.J. Eikelboom; William F. Fagan; Morgan J. Farmer; Julian Fennessy; Shannon P. Finnegan; Christen H. Fleming; Bonnie Fournier; Nicholas L. Fowler; Mariela G. Gantchoff; Alexandre Garnier; Benedikt Gehr; Chris Geremia; Jacob R. Goheen; Morgan L. Hauptfleisch; Mark Hebblewhite; Morten Heim; Anne G. Hertel; Marco Heurich; A. J.Mark Hewison; James Hodson; Nicholas Hoffman; J. Grant C. Hopcraft; Djuro Huber; Edmund J. Isaac; Karolina Janik; Miloš Ježek; Örjan Johansson; Neil R. Jordan; Petra Kaczensky; Douglas N. Kamaru; Matthew J. Kauffman; Todd M. Kautz; Roland Kays; Allicia P. Kelly; Jonas Kindberg; Miha Krofel; Josip Kusak; Clayton T. Lamb; Tayler N. LaSharr; Peter Leimgruber; Horst Leitner; Michael Lierz; John D.C. Linnell; Purevjav Lkhagvaja; Ryan A. Long; José Vicente López-Bao; Matthias Claudio Loretto; Pascal Marchand; Hans Martin; Lindsay A. Martinez; Roy T. McBride; Ashley A.D. McLaren; Erling Meisingset; Joerg Melzheimer; Evelyn H. Merrill; Arthur D. Middleton; Kevin L. Monteith; Seth A. Moore; Bram Van Moorter; Nicolas Morellet; Thomas Morrison; Rebekka Müller; Atle Mysterud; Michael J. Noonan; David O’Connor; Daniel Olson; Kirk A. Olson; Anna C. Ortega; Federico Ossi; Manuela Panzacchi; Robert Patchett; Brent R. Patterson; Rogerio Cunha de Paula; John Payne; Wibke Peters; Tyler R. Petroelje; Benjamin J. Pitcher; Boštjan Pokorny; Kim Poole; Hubert Potočnik; Marie Pier Poulin; Robert M. Pringle; Herbert H.T. Prins; Nathan Ranc; Slaven Reljić; Benjamin Robb; Ralf Röder; Christer M. Rolandsen; Christian Rutz; Albert R. Salemgareyev; Gustaf Samelius; Heather Sayine-Crawford; Sarah Schooler; Çağan H. Şekercioğlu; Nuria Selva; Paola Semenzato; Agnieszka Sergiel; Koustubh Sharma; Avery L. Shawler; Johannes Signer; Václav Silovský; João Paulo Silva; Richard Simon; Rachel A. Smiley; Douglas W. Smith; Erling J. Solberg; Diego Ellis-Soto; Orr Spiegel; Jared Stabach; Jenna Stacy-Dawes; Daniel R. Stahler; John Stephenson; Cheyenne Stewart; Olav Strand; Peter Sunde; Nathan J. Svoboda; Jonathan Swart; Jeffrey J. Thompson; Katrina L. Toal; Kenneth Uiseb; Meredith C. VanAcker; Marianela Velilla; Tana L. Verzuh; Bettina Wachter; Brittany L. Wagler; Jesse Whittington; Martin Wikelski; Christopher C. Wilmers; George Wittemyer; Julie K. Young; Filip Ziba; Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica; Mark A.J. Huijbregts; Thomas Mueller

doi:10.1126/science.abo6499

Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

Marlee A. Tucker, Aafke M. Schipper, Tempe S.F. Adams, Nina Attias, Tal Avgar, Natarsha L. Babic, Kristin J. Barker, Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau, Dominik M. Behr, Jerrold L. Belant, Dean E. Beyer, Niels Blaum, J. David Blount, Dirk Bockmühl, Ricardo Luiz Pires Boulhosa, Michael B. Brown, Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar, Francesca Cagnacci, Justin M. Calabrese, Rok ČerneSimon Chamaillé-Jammes, Aung Nyein Chan, Michael J. Chase, Yannick Chaval, Yvette Chenaux-Ibrahim, Seth G. Cherry, Duško Ćirović, Emrah Çoban, Eric K. Cole, Laura Conlee, Alyson Courtemanch, Gabriele Cozzi, Sarah C. Davidson, Darren DeBloois, Nandintsetseg Dejid, Vickie DeNicola, Arnaud L.J. Desbiez, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, David Drake, Michael Egan, Jasper A.J. Eikelboom, William F. Fagan, Morgan J. Farmer, Julian Fennessy, Shannon P. Finnegan, Christen H. Fleming, Bonnie Fournier, Nicholas L. Fowler, Mariela G. Gantchoff, Alexandre Garnier, Benedikt Gehr, Chris Geremia, Jacob R. Goheen, Morgan L. Hauptfleisch, Mark Hebblewhite, Morten Heim, Anne G. Hertel, Marco Heurich, A. J.Mark Hewison, James Hodson, Nicholas Hoffman, J. Grant C. Hopcraft, Djuro Huber, Edmund J. Isaac, Karolina Janik, Miloš Ježek, Örjan Johansson, Neil R. Jordan, Petra Kaczensky, Douglas N. Kamaru, Matthew J. Kauffman, Todd M. Kautz, Roland Kays, Allicia P. Kelly, Jonas Kindberg, Miha Krofel, Josip Kusak, Clayton T. Lamb, Tayler N. LaSharr, Peter Leimgruber, Horst Leitner, Michael Lierz, John D.C. Linnell, Purevjav Lkhagvaja, Ryan A. Long, José Vicente López-Bao, Matthias Claudio Loretto, Pascal Marchand, Hans Martin, Lindsay A. Martinez, Roy T. McBride, Ashley A.D. McLaren, Erling Meisingset, Joerg Melzheimer, Evelyn H. Merrill, Arthur D. Middleton, Kevin L. Monteith, Seth A. Moore, Bram Van Moorter, Nicolas Morellet, Thomas Morrison, Rebekka Müller, Atle Mysterud, Michael J. Noonan, David O’Connor, Daniel Olson, Kirk A. Olson, Anna C. Ortega, Federico Ossi, Manuela Panzacchi, Robert Patchett, Brent R. Patterson, Rogerio Cunha de Paula, John Payne, Wibke Peters, Tyler R. Petroelje, Benjamin J. Pitcher, Boštjan Pokorny, Kim Poole, Hubert Potočnik, Marie Pier Poulin, Robert M. Pringle, Herbert H.T. Prins, Nathan Ranc, Slaven Reljić, Benjamin Robb, Ralf Röder, Christer M. Rolandsen, Christian Rutz, Albert R. Salemgareyev, Gustaf Samelius, Heather Sayine-Crawford, Sarah Schooler, Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Nuria Selva, Paola Semenzato, Agnieszka Sergiel, Koustubh Sharma, Avery L. Shawler, Johannes Signer, Václav Silovský, João Paulo Silva, Richard Simon, Rachel A. Smiley, Douglas W. Smith, Erling J. Solberg, Diego Ellis-Soto, Orr Spiegel, Jared Stabach, Jenna Stacy-Dawes, Daniel R. Stahler, John Stephenson, Cheyenne Stewart, Olav Strand, Peter Sunde, Nathan J. Svoboda, Jonathan Swart, Jeffrey J. Thompson, Katrina L. Toal, Kenneth Uiseb, Meredith C. VanAcker, Marianela Velilla, Tana L. Verzuh, Bettina Wachter, Brittany L. Wagler, Jesse Whittington, Martin Wikelski, Christopher C. Wilmers, George Wittemyer, Julie K. Young, Filip Ziba, Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica, Mark A.J. Huijbregts, Thomas Mueller

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

6 Scopus citations

Abstract

COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals’ 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1059-1064
Number of pages	6
Journal	Science
Volume	380
Issue number	6649
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6499
State	Published - Jun 9 2023

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

General

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10.1126/science.abo6499

Cite this

Tucker, M. A., Schipper, A. M., Adams, T. S. F., Attias, N., Avgar, T., Babic, N. L., Barker, K. J., Bastille-Rousseau, G., Behr, D. M., Belant, J. L., Beyer, D. E., Blaum, N., Blount, J. D., Bockmühl, D., Boulhosa, R. L. P., Brown, M. B., Buuveibaatar, B., Cagnacci, F., Calabrese, J. M., ... Mueller, T. (2023). Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns. Science, 380(6649), 1059-1064. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6499

@article{5681a0db622547b0a825391d6f1af7a6,

title = "Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns",

abstract = "COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals{\textquoteright} 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.",

author = "Tucker, {Marlee A.} and Schipper, {Aafke M.} and Adams, {Tempe S.F.} and Nina Attias and Tal Avgar and Babic, {Natarsha L.} and Barker, {Kristin J.} and Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau and Behr, {Dominik M.} and Belant, {Jerrold L.} and Beyer, {Dean E.} and Niels Blaum and Blount, {J. David} and Dirk Bockm{\"u}hl and Boulhosa, {Ricardo Luiz Pires} and Brown, {Michael B.} and Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar and Francesca Cagnacci and Calabrese, {Justin M.} and Rok {\v C}erne and Simon Chamaill{\'e}-Jammes and Chan, {Aung Nyein} and Chase, {Michael J.} and Yannick Chaval and Yvette Chenaux-Ibrahim and Cherry, {Seth G.} and Du{\v s}ko {\'C}irovi{\'c} and Emrah {\c C}oban and Cole, {Eric K.} and Laura Conlee and Alyson Courtemanch and Gabriele Cozzi and Davidson, {Sarah C.} and Darren DeBloois and Nandintsetseg Dejid and Vickie DeNicola and Desbiez, {Arnaud L.J.} and Iain Douglas-Hamilton and David Drake and Michael Egan and Eikelboom, {Jasper A.J.} and Fagan, {William F.} and Farmer, {Morgan J.} and Julian Fennessy and Finnegan, {Shannon P.} and Fleming, {Christen H.} and Bonnie Fournier and Fowler, {Nicholas L.} and Gantchoff, {Mariela G.} and Alexandre Garnier and Benedikt Gehr and Chris Geremia and Goheen, {Jacob R.} and Hauptfleisch, {Morgan L.} and Mark Hebblewhite and Morten Heim and Hertel, {Anne G.} and Marco Heurich and Hewison, {A. J.Mark} and James Hodson and Nicholas Hoffman and Hopcraft, {J. Grant C.} and Djuro Huber and Isaac, {Edmund J.} and Karolina Janik and Milo{\v s} Je{\v z}ek and {\"O}rjan Johansson and Jordan, {Neil R.} and Petra Kaczensky and Kamaru, {Douglas N.} and Kauffman, {Matthew J.} and Kautz, {Todd M.} and Roland Kays and Kelly, {Allicia P.} and Jonas Kindberg and Miha Krofel and Josip Kusak and Lamb, {Clayton T.} and LaSharr, {Tayler N.} and Peter Leimgruber and Horst Leitner and Michael Lierz and Linnell, {John D.C.} and Purevjav Lkhagvaja and Long, {Ryan A.} and L{\'o}pez-Bao, {Jos{\'e} Vicente} and Loretto, {Matthias Claudio} and Pascal Marchand and Hans Martin and Martinez, {Lindsay A.} and McBride, {Roy T.} and McLaren, {Ashley A.D.} and Erling Meisingset and Joerg Melzheimer and Merrill, {Evelyn H.} and Middleton, {Arthur D.} and Monteith, {Kevin L.} and Moore, {Seth A.} and {Van Moorter}, Bram and Nicolas Morellet and Thomas Morrison and Rebekka M{\"u}ller and Atle Mysterud and Noonan, {Michael J.} and David O{\textquoteright}Connor and Daniel Olson and Olson, {Kirk A.} and Ortega, {Anna C.} and Federico Ossi and Manuela Panzacchi and Robert Patchett and Patterson, {Brent R.} and {de Paula}, {Rogerio Cunha} and John Payne and Wibke Peters and Petroelje, {Tyler R.} and Pitcher, {Benjamin J.} and Bo{\v s}tjan Pokorny and Kim Poole and Hubert Poto{\v c}nik and Poulin, {Marie Pier} and Pringle, {Robert M.} and Prins, {Herbert H.T.} and Nathan Ranc and Slaven Relji{\'c} and Benjamin Robb and Ralf R{\"o}der and Rolandsen, {Christer M.} and Christian Rutz and Salemgareyev, {Albert R.} and Gustaf Samelius and Heather Sayine-Crawford and Sarah Schooler and {\c S}ekercioğlu, {{\c C}ağan H.} and Nuria Selva and Paola Semenzato and Agnieszka Sergiel and Koustubh Sharma and Shawler, {Avery L.} and Johannes Signer and V{\'a}clav Silovsk{\'y} and Silva, {Jo{\~a}o Paulo} and Richard Simon and Smiley, {Rachel A.} and Smith, {Douglas W.} and Solberg, {Erling J.} and Diego Ellis-Soto and Orr Spiegel and Jared Stabach and Jenna Stacy-Dawes and Stahler, {Daniel R.} and John Stephenson and Cheyenne Stewart and Olav Strand and Peter Sunde and Svoboda, {Nathan J.} and Jonathan Swart and Thompson, {Jeffrey J.} and Toal, {Katrina L.} and Kenneth Uiseb and VanAcker, {Meredith C.} and Marianela Velilla and Verzuh, {Tana L.} and Bettina Wachter and Wagler, {Brittany L.} and Jesse Whittington and Martin Wikelski and Wilmers, {Christopher C.} and George Wittemyer and Young, {Julie K.} and Filip Ziba and Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica and Huijbregts, {Mark A.J.} and Thomas Mueller",

note = "Funding Information: Supported by the Radboud Excellence Initiative (to M.T.), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [MORESTEP, 01LC1710A and 01LC1820A (to T.M. and N.D.)], the National Science Foundation [IIBR 1915347 (to J.M.C., C.H.F., and W.F.F.)], Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development [451-03-68/2022-14/200178 (to D.C.)], Dutch Research Council NWO program “Advanced Instrumentation for Wildlife Protection” (to H.H.T.P. and J.A.J.E.), Fondation Segr{\'e}, RZSS, IPE, Greensboro Science Center, Houston Zoo, Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens, Nashville Zoo, Naples Zoo, Reid Park Zoo, Miller Park, WWF, ZCOG, Zoo Miami, Zoo Miami Foundation, Beauval Nature, Greenville Zoo, Riverbanks zoo and garden, SAC Zoo, La Passarelle Conservation, Parc Animalier d{\textquoteright}Auvergne, Disney Conservation Fund, Fresno Chaffee zoo, Play for nature, North Florida Wildlife Center, Abilene Zoo, a Liber Ero Fellowship (to C.T.L.), the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, Teck Coal (to K.P.), and the Grand Teton Association. The collection of Norwegian moose data was funded by the Norwegian Environment Agency, the German Ministry of Education and Research via the SPACES II project ORYCS [FKZ:01LL1804A (to N.B.)], the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, Bureau of Land Management, Muley Fanatic Foundation (including Southwest, Kemmerer, Upper Green, and Blue Ridge Chapters), Boone and Crockett Club, Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resources Trust, Knobloch Family Foundation, Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board, Wyoming Governor{\textquoteright}s Big Game License Coalition, Bowhunters of Wyoming, Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association, Pope and Young Club, US Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Wyoming Wild Sheep Foundation, Wild Sheep Foundation, Wyoming Wildlife/Livestock Disease Research Partnership, the US National Science Foundation [IOS-1656642 and IOS-1656527 (to R.A.L. and R.M.P.)], the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [RYC-2015-18932; CGL2017-87528-R AEI/FEDER EU (to J.V.L.B.)], and by a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias [IDI/2021/000075 (to J.V.L.B.)], Sigrid Rausing Trust, Batubay {\"O}zkan, Barbara Watkins, NSERC Discovery Grant [RGPIN-2021-02758 (to M.J.N.)], the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act under Pittman-Robertson project [AKW-12 (to N.J.S.)], the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803; CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/19_073/0016944 (to M.J., M.S.P., and V.S.)], the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic [QK1910462 (to M.J., M.S.P., and V.S.)], Rufford Foundation [grant 29681-1(to D.N.K.)], an American Society of Mammalogists African Graduate Student Research Fund (to D.N.K.), the German Science Foundation [HE 8857/1-1 (to A.G.H.)], the Israeli Science Foundation [grant 396/20 (to O.S.)], the BSF-NSF [2019822 and IOS2015662 (to O.S.)], the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food and Slovenian Research Agency (CRP V1-1626), the Aage V. Jensen Naturfond (project: Kronvildt - viden, v{\ae}rdier og v{\ae}rkt{\o}jer), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany{\textquoteright}s Excellence Strategy [EXC 2117 – 422037984 (to M.W.)], National Centre for Research and Development in Poland POLNOR/198352/85/2013 (project GLOBE), the Slovenian Research Agency [P4-0059 and N1-0163 (to M.K.)], the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation, Disney Conservation Fund, Whitley Fund for Nature, Acton Family Giving, Zoo Basel, Columbus, Bioparc de Dou{\'e}-la-Fontaine, Zoo Dresden, Zoo Idaho, Kolm{\aa}rden Zoo, Korkeasaari Zoo, La Passarelle, Zoo New England, Tierpark Berlin, Tulsa Zoo, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of Mongolia, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the National Science Foundation [LTREB 1556248 and 2038704 9 (to M.H., E.H.M., and H.M.)], Parks Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Alberta Environment and Parks, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Safari Club International and Alberta Conservation Association, the Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnolog{\'i}a (CONACYT) of Paraguay [14-INV-208 and PRONII], the Norwegian Environment Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, EU funded Interreg SI-HR 410 Carnivora Dinarica project, Paklenica and Plitvice Lakes National Parks, UK Wolf Conservation Trust, EURONATUR and Bernd Thies Foundation, the Messerli Foundation in Switzerland and WWF Germany, the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie Actions [grant agreement 798091 (to M.-C.L.)], NASA Ecological Forecasting Program [80NSSC21K1182], the Ecotone Telemetry company (to S.C.-J.), the French National Research Agency (to S.C.-J.), LANDTHIRST [ANR-16-CE02-0001-01 (to S.C.-J.)], grant REPOS awarded by the i-Site MUSE thanks to the “Investissements d{\textquoteright}avenir” program [ANR-16-IDEX-0006 (to S.C.-J.)], the ANR Mov-It project [ANR-16-CE02-0010 (to A.J.M.H. and N.M.)], the USDA Hatch Act Formula Funding (MSN201473), the Fondation Segre and North American and European Zoos listed at http://www.giantanteater.org/, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (to D.O., T.A., and J.K.Y.), the Yellowstone Forever and the National Park Service (to D.R.S, D.W.S., and C.G.), Missouri Department of Conservation, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant PROJECT MO W103-R1, and State University of New York, SNSF [31003A_182286 and 310030_204478 (to G.C.)], various donors to the Botswana Predator Conservation Program (to G.C.), data from collared caribou in the Northwest Territories (to A.P.K., J.H., B.F., and H.S.C.) were made available through funds from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. The European Research Council Horizon2020 [AfricanBioServices 641918], the British Ecological Society, the Paul Jones Family Trust, and the Lord Kelvin Adam Smith fund, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and Tanzania National Parks (to J.G.C.H. and T.M.). The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapahoe Fish and Game Department and the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Koniag Native Corporation, Old Harbor Native Corporation, Afognak Native Corporation, Ouzinkie Native Corporation, Natives of Kodiak Native Corporation and the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, and the Slovenia Hunters Association and Slovenia Forest Service. F.C. was partly supported by the Resident Visiting Researcher Fellowship, IM{\'e}RA/Aix-Marseille Universit{\'e}, Marseille. This work was partially funded by the Center of Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), which is financed by Germany{\textquoteright}s Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the Saxon Ministry for Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK) with tax funds on the basis of the budget approved by the Saxon State Parliament. This article is a contribution of the COVID-19 Bio-Logging Initiative, which is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF9881) and the National Geographic Society (NGS-82515R-20) (both grants to C.R.). Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2023 the authors, some rights reserved.",

year = "2023",

month = jun,

day = "9",

doi = "10.1126/science.abo6499",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "380",

pages = "1059--1064",

journal = "Science",

issn = "0036-8075",

publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",

number = "6649",

}

Tucker, MA, Schipper, AM, Adams, TSF, Attias, N, Avgar, T, Babic, NL, Barker, KJ, Bastille-Rousseau, G, Behr, DM, Belant, JL, Beyer, DE, Blaum, N, Blount, JD, Bockmühl, D, Boulhosa, RLP, Brown, MB, Buuveibaatar, B, Cagnacci, F, Calabrese, JM, Černe, R, Chamaillé-Jammes, S, Chan, AN, Chase, MJ, Chaval, Y, Chenaux-Ibrahim, Y, Cherry, SG, Ćirović, D, Çoban, E, Cole, EK, Conlee, L, Courtemanch, A, Cozzi, G, Davidson, SC, DeBloois, D, Dejid, N, DeNicola, V, Desbiez, ALJ, Douglas-Hamilton, I, Drake, D, Egan, M, Eikelboom, JAJ, Fagan, WF, Farmer, MJ, Fennessy, J, Finnegan, SP, Fleming, CH, Fournier, B, Fowler, NL, Gantchoff, MG, Garnier, A, Gehr, B, Geremia, C, Goheen, JR, Hauptfleisch, ML, Hebblewhite, M, Heim, M, Hertel, AG, Heurich, M, Hewison, AJM, Hodson, J, Hoffman, N, Hopcraft, JGC, Huber, D, Isaac, EJ, Janik, K, Ježek, M, Johansson, Ö, Jordan, NR, Kaczensky, P, Kamaru, DN, Kauffman, MJ, Kautz, TM, Kays, R, Kelly, AP, Kindberg, J, Krofel, M, Kusak, J, Lamb, CT, LaSharr, TN, Leimgruber, P, Leitner, H, Lierz, M, Linnell, JDC, Lkhagvaja, P, Long, RA, López-Bao, JV, Loretto, MC, Marchand, P, Martin, H, Martinez, LA, McBride, RT, McLaren, AAD, Meisingset, E, Melzheimer, J, Merrill, EH, Middleton, AD, Monteith, KL, Moore, SA, Van Moorter, B, Morellet, N, Morrison, T, Müller, R, Mysterud, A, Noonan, MJ, O’Connor, D, Olson, D, Olson, KA, Ortega, AC, Ossi, F, Panzacchi, M, Patchett, R, Patterson, BR, de Paula, RC, Payne, J, Peters, W, Petroelje, TR, Pitcher, BJ, Pokorny, B, Poole, K, Potočnik, H, Poulin, MP, Pringle, RM, Prins, HHT, Ranc, N, Reljić, S, Robb, B, Röder, R, Rolandsen, CM, Rutz, C, Salemgareyev, AR, Samelius, G, Sayine-Crawford, H, Schooler, S, Şekercioğlu, ÇH, Selva, N, Semenzato, P, Sergiel, A, Sharma, K, Shawler, AL, Signer, J, Silovský, V, Silva, JP, Simon, R, Smiley, RA, Smith, DW, Solberg, EJ, Ellis-Soto, D, Spiegel, O, Stabach, J, Stacy-Dawes, J, Stahler, DR, Stephenson, J, Stewart, C, Strand, O, Sunde, P, Svoboda, NJ, Swart, J, Thompson, JJ, Toal, KL, Uiseb, K, VanAcker, MC, Velilla, M, Verzuh, TL, Wachter, B, Wagler, BL, Whittington, J, Wikelski, M, Wilmers, CC, Wittemyer, G, Young, JK, Ziba, F, Zwijacz-Kozica, T, Huijbregts, MAJ & Mueller, T 2023, 'Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns', Science, vol. 380, no. 6649, pp. 1059-1064. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6499

TY - JOUR

T1 - Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

AU - Tucker, Marlee A.

AU - Schipper, Aafke M.

AU - Adams, Tempe S.F.

AU - Attias, Nina

AU - Avgar, Tal

AU - Babic, Natarsha L.

AU - Barker, Kristin J.

AU - Bastille-Rousseau, Guillaume

AU - Behr, Dominik M.

AU - Belant, Jerrold L.

AU - Beyer, Dean E.

AU - Blaum, Niels

AU - Blount, J. David

AU - Bockmühl, Dirk

AU - Boulhosa, Ricardo Luiz Pires

AU - Brown, Michael B.

AU - Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar

AU - Cagnacci, Francesca

AU - Calabrese, Justin M.

AU - Černe, Rok

AU - Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon

AU - Chan, Aung Nyein

AU - Chase, Michael J.

AU - Chaval, Yannick

AU - Chenaux-Ibrahim, Yvette

AU - Cherry, Seth G.

AU - Ćirović, Duško

AU - Çoban, Emrah

AU - Cole, Eric K.

AU - Conlee, Laura

AU - Courtemanch, Alyson

AU - Cozzi, Gabriele

AU - Davidson, Sarah C.

AU - DeBloois, Darren

AU - Dejid, Nandintsetseg

AU - DeNicola, Vickie

AU - Desbiez, Arnaud L.J.

AU - Douglas-Hamilton, Iain

AU - Drake, David

AU - Egan, Michael

AU - Eikelboom, Jasper A.J.

AU - Fagan, William F.

AU - Farmer, Morgan J.

AU - Fennessy, Julian

AU - Finnegan, Shannon P.

AU - Fleming, Christen H.

AU - Fournier, Bonnie

AU - Fowler, Nicholas L.

AU - Gantchoff, Mariela G.

AU - Garnier, Alexandre

AU - Gehr, Benedikt

AU - Geremia, Chris

AU - Goheen, Jacob R.

AU - Hauptfleisch, Morgan L.

AU - Hebblewhite, Mark

AU - Heim, Morten

AU - Hertel, Anne G.

AU - Heurich, Marco

AU - Hewison, A. J.Mark

AU - Hodson, James

AU - Hoffman, Nicholas

AU - Hopcraft, J. Grant C.

AU - Huber, Djuro

AU - Isaac, Edmund J.

AU - Janik, Karolina

AU - Ježek, Miloš

AU - Johansson, Örjan

AU - Jordan, Neil R.

AU - Kaczensky, Petra

AU - Kamaru, Douglas N.

AU - Kauffman, Matthew J.

AU - Kautz, Todd M.

AU - Kays, Roland

AU - Kelly, Allicia P.

AU - Kindberg, Jonas

AU - Krofel, Miha

AU - Kusak, Josip

AU - Lamb, Clayton T.

AU - LaSharr, Tayler N.

AU - Leimgruber, Peter

AU - Leitner, Horst

AU - Lierz, Michael

AU - Linnell, John D.C.

AU - Lkhagvaja, Purevjav

AU - Long, Ryan A.

AU - López-Bao, José Vicente

AU - Loretto, Matthias Claudio

AU - Marchand, Pascal

AU - Martin, Hans

AU - Martinez, Lindsay A.

AU - McBride, Roy T.

AU - McLaren, Ashley A.D.

AU - Meisingset, Erling

AU - Melzheimer, Joerg

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AU - Moore, Seth A.

AU - Van Moorter, Bram

AU - Morellet, Nicolas

AU - Morrison, Thomas

AU - Müller, Rebekka

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AU - Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.

AU - Selva, Nuria

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AU - Sharma, Koustubh

AU - Shawler, Avery L.

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AU - Velilla, Marianela

AU - Verzuh, Tana L.

AU - Wachter, Bettina

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AU - Wikelski, Martin

AU - Wilmers, Christopher C.

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AU - Huijbregts, Mark A.J.

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N1 - Funding Information: Supported by the Radboud Excellence Initiative (to M.T.), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [MORESTEP, 01LC1710A and 01LC1820A (to T.M. and N.D.)], the National Science Foundation [IIBR 1915347 (to J.M.C., C.H.F., and W.F.F.)], Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development [451-03-68/2022-14/200178 (to D.C.)], Dutch Research Council NWO program “Advanced Instrumentation for Wildlife Protection” (to H.H.T.P. and J.A.J.E.), Fondation Segré, RZSS, IPE, Greensboro Science Center, Houston Zoo, Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens, Nashville Zoo, Naples Zoo, Reid Park Zoo, Miller Park, WWF, ZCOG, Zoo Miami, Zoo Miami Foundation, Beauval Nature, Greenville Zoo, Riverbanks zoo and garden, SAC Zoo, La Passarelle Conservation, Parc Animalier d’Auvergne, Disney Conservation Fund, Fresno Chaffee zoo, Play for nature, North Florida Wildlife Center, Abilene Zoo, a Liber Ero Fellowship (to C.T.L.), the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, Teck Coal (to K.P.), and the Grand Teton Association. The collection of Norwegian moose data was funded by the Norwegian Environment Agency, the German Ministry of Education and Research via the SPACES II project ORYCS [FKZ:01LL1804A (to N.B.)], the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, Bureau of Land Management, Muley Fanatic Foundation (including Southwest, Kemmerer, Upper Green, and Blue Ridge Chapters), Boone and Crockett Club, Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resources Trust, Knobloch Family Foundation, Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board, Wyoming Governor’s Big Game License Coalition, Bowhunters of Wyoming, Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association, Pope and Young Club, US Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Wyoming Wild Sheep Foundation, Wild Sheep Foundation, Wyoming Wildlife/Livestock Disease Research Partnership, the US National Science Foundation [IOS-1656642 and IOS-1656527 (to R.A.L. and R.M.P.)], the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [RYC-2015-18932; CGL2017-87528-R AEI/FEDER EU (to J.V.L.B.)], and by a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias [IDI/2021/000075 (to J.V.L.B.)], Sigrid Rausing Trust, Batubay Özkan, Barbara Watkins, NSERC Discovery Grant [RGPIN-2021-02758 (to M.J.N.)], the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act under Pittman-Robertson project [AKW-12 (to N.J.S.)], the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803; CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/19_073/0016944 (to M.J., M.S.P., and V.S.)], the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic [QK1910462 (to M.J., M.S.P., and V.S.)], Rufford Foundation [grant 29681-1(to D.N.K.)], an American Society of Mammalogists African Graduate Student Research Fund (to D.N.K.), the German Science Foundation [HE 8857/1-1 (to A.G.H.)], the Israeli Science Foundation [grant 396/20 (to O.S.)], the BSF-NSF [2019822 and IOS2015662 (to O.S.)], the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food and Slovenian Research Agency (CRP V1-1626), the Aage V. Jensen Naturfond (project: Kronvildt - viden, værdier og værktøjer), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy [EXC 2117 – 422037984 (to M.W.)], National Centre for Research and Development in Poland POLNOR/198352/85/2013 (project GLOBE), the Slovenian Research Agency [P4-0059 and N1-0163 (to M.K.)], the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation, Disney Conservation Fund, Whitley Fund for Nature, Acton Family Giving, Zoo Basel, Columbus, Bioparc de Doué-la-Fontaine, Zoo Dresden, Zoo Idaho, Kolmården Zoo, Korkeasaari Zoo, La Passarelle, Zoo New England, Tierpark Berlin, Tulsa Zoo, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of Mongolia, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the National Science Foundation [LTREB 1556248 and 2038704 9 (to M.H., E.H.M., and H.M.)], Parks Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Alberta Environment and Parks, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Safari Club International and Alberta Conservation Association, the Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnología (CONACYT) of Paraguay [14-INV-208 and PRONII], the Norwegian Environment Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, EU funded Interreg SI-HR 410 Carnivora Dinarica project, Paklenica and Plitvice Lakes National Parks, UK Wolf Conservation Trust, EURONATUR and Bernd Thies Foundation, the Messerli Foundation in Switzerland and WWF Germany, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions [grant agreement 798091 (to M.-C.L.)], NASA Ecological Forecasting Program [80NSSC21K1182], the Ecotone Telemetry company (to S.C.-J.), the French National Research Agency (to S.C.-J.), LANDTHIRST [ANR-16-CE02-0001-01 (to S.C.-J.)], grant REPOS awarded by the i-Site MUSE thanks to the “Investissements d’avenir” program [ANR-16-IDEX-0006 (to S.C.-J.)], the ANR Mov-It project [ANR-16-CE02-0010 (to A.J.M.H. and N.M.)], the USDA Hatch Act Formula Funding (MSN201473), the Fondation Segre and North American and European Zoos listed at http://www.giantanteater.org/, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (to D.O., T.A., and J.K.Y.), the Yellowstone Forever and the National Park Service (to D.R.S, D.W.S., and C.G.), Missouri Department of Conservation, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant PROJECT MO W103-R1, and State University of New York, SNSF [31003A_182286 and 310030_204478 (to G.C.)], various donors to the Botswana Predator Conservation Program (to G.C.), data from collared caribou in the Northwest Territories (to A.P.K., J.H., B.F., and H.S.C.) were made available through funds from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. The European Research Council Horizon2020 [AfricanBioServices 641918], the British Ecological Society, the Paul Jones Family Trust, and the Lord Kelvin Adam Smith fund, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and Tanzania National Parks (to J.G.C.H. and T.M.). The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapahoe Fish and Game Department and the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Koniag Native Corporation, Old Harbor Native Corporation, Afognak Native Corporation, Ouzinkie Native Corporation, Natives of Kodiak Native Corporation and the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, and the Slovenia Hunters Association and Slovenia Forest Service. F.C. was partly supported by the Resident Visiting Researcher Fellowship, IMéRA/Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille. This work was partially funded by the Center of Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), which is financed by Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the Saxon Ministry for Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK) with tax funds on the basis of the budget approved by the Saxon State Parliament. This article is a contribution of the COVID-19 Bio-Logging Initiative, which is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF9881) and the National Geographic Society (NGS-82515R-20) (both grants to C.R.). Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 the authors, some rights reserved.

PY - 2023/6/9

Y1 - 2023/6/9

N2 - COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals’ 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.

AB - COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals’ 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85163907791&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85163907791&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1126/science.abo6499

DO - 10.1126/science.abo6499

M3 - Article

C2 - 37289888

AN - SCOPUS:85163907791

SN - 0036-8075

VL - 380

SP - 1059

EP - 1064

JO - Science

JF - Science

IS - 6649

ER -

Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

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