@article{6e54f53ec4364782baac763c87a0b5cd,
title = "Beating the thermodynamic limit with photo-activation of n-doping in organic semiconductors",
abstract = "Chemical doping of organic semiconductors using molecular dopants plays a key role in the fabrication of efficient organic electronic devices. Although a variety of stable molecular p-dopants have been developed and successfully deployed in devices in the past decade, air-stable molecular n-dopants suitable for materials with low electron affinity are still elusive. Here we demonstrate that photo-activation of a cleavable air-stable dimeric dopant can result in kinetically stable and efficient n-doping of host semiconductors, whose reduction potentials are beyond the thermodynamic reach of the dimer's effective reducing strength. Electron-transport layers doped in this manner are used to fabricate high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes. Our strategy thus enables a new paradigm for using air-stable molecular dopants to improve conductivity in, and provide ohmic contacts to, organic semiconductors with very low electron affinity.",
author = "Xin Lin and Berthold Wegner and Lee, {Kyung Min} and Fusella, {Michael A.} and Fengyu Zhang and Karttikay Moudgil and Rand, {Barry P.} and Stephen Barlow and Marder, {Seth R.} and Norbert Koch and Antoine Kahn",
note = "Funding Information: acknowledge funding for this work from the Department of Energy EERE SSL Program under Award #DE-EE0006672 and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Award #DE-SC0012458. Work at the Georgia Institute of Technology was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants DMR-1305247. Funding Information: A.K., X.L. and F.Z. acknowledge funding for this work from the National Science Foundation under grants DMR-1506097. Work in Berlin was supported by the Sfb951 (DFG) and the Helmholtz Energy-Alliance {\textquoteleft}Hybrid Photovoltaics{\textquoteright}. B.P.R., M.A.F., and K.M.L. acknowledge funding for this work from the Department of Energy EERE SSL Program under Award #DE-EE0006672 and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Award #DE-SC0012458. Work at the Georgia Institute of Technology was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants DMR-1305247. We thank E. Longhi for synthetic assistance, E. List-Kratochvil for stimulating discussions about optical interference phenomena during UV/Vis measurements, G. Ligorio for performing PL measurements in Berlin, and A. Zykov, P. Sch{\"a}fer and S. Kowarik for performing XRD measurements. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.",
year = "2017",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/nmat5027",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "16",
pages = "1209--1215",
journal = "Nature Materials",
issn = "1476-1122",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "12",
}