@article{d70e46e19ec3479ebf9ccb8c88441990,
title = "Assessing Compound Flooding From Landfalling Tropical Cyclones on the North Carolina Coast",
abstract = "Tropical cyclone (TC) events are major drivers of compound flooding due to the interaction of wind-driven storm surge and TC rainfall. Traditionally, coastal flood risk models have only taken into account surge flooding, even though it is known that the role of rainfall-runoff is critical. There is limited understanding about the types of TC events that are capable of producing significant compounding and how site conditions at the coast affect the extent to which storm surge and rainfall-runoff interact. This study investigates a suite of historical TCs making landfall near the Cape Fear River Estuary, NC, through a loosely coupled physical modeling methodology in order to draw conclusions about the spatial and temporal patterns of storm surge and rainfall that are able to induce significant compound impacts. Results indicate that intense outer rain bands falling over inland portions of the study area can be a driver of river-surge compounding (increasing river levels by up to 0.36 m), while intense eyewall rainfall along the coast can result in localized compound impacts to coastal streams and tributaries if peak rainfall occurs near the time of peak storm tide. These localized compound impacts can result in defined interaction zones, where neither storm tide alone nor rainfall-runoff alone can fully explain the observed maximum water levels. These results provide insight about the relative timing and spatial patterns of rainfall and storm surge that are capable of inducing compound flooding during TC events.",
keywords = "compound event, flood Modeling, flood hazard, tropical cyclones",
author = "Avantika Gori and Ning Lin and James Smith",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) fellowship from DoD and National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant 1520683. All data used in this study are available through public repositories. Oceanic and coastal bathymetry can be obtained from GEBCO (GEneral Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans; https://www.gebco.net/). Tidal gauge data can be accessed through NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS; https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov). LiDAR elevation data can be obtained from USACE's topobathy data set (https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast). Watershed characteristics and boundary information can be obtained from USGS's Watershed Boundary Dataset (https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/national-hydrography). Stream discharge data can be obtained from USGS's National Water Information System (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). Soil data can be accessed through USDA's Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO; https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils). Radar rainfall data can be accessed through either NCAR's EOL data repository (https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds507.5/) or NOAA's National Severe Storm Laboratory (NSSL; https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/mrms/). Funding Information: This work was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) fellowship from DoD and National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant 1520683. All data used in this study are available through public repositories. Oceanic and coastal bathymetry can be obtained from GEBCO (GEneral Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans; https://www.gebco.net/ ). Tidal gauge data can be accessed through NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO‐OPS; https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov ). LiDAR elevation data can be obtained from USACE's topobathy data set ( https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast ). Watershed characteristics and boundary information can be obtained from USGS's Watershed Boundary Dataset ( https://www.usgs.gov/core‐science‐systems/ngp/national‐hydrography ). Stream discharge data can be obtained from USGS's National Water Information System ( https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis ). Soil data can be accessed through USDA's Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO; https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils ). Radar rainfall data can be accessed through either NCAR's EOL data repository ( https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds507.5/ ) or NOAA's National Severe Storm Laboratory (NSSL; https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/mrms/ ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020. The Authors.",
year = "2020",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1029/2019WR026788",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "56",
journal = "Water Resources Research",
issn = "0043-1397",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "4",
}