TY - JOUR
T1 - An operational overview of the EXport processes in the ocean from RemoTe sensing (EXPORTS) northeast pacific field deployment
AU - Siegel, David A.
AU - Cetinić, Ivona
AU - Graff, Jason R.
AU - Lee, Craig M.
AU - Nelson, Norman
AU - Perry, Mary Jane
AU - Ramos, Inia Soto
AU - Steinberg, Deborah K.
AU - Buesseler, Ken
AU - Hamme, Roberta
AU - Fassbender, Andrea J.
AU - Nicholson, David
AU - Omand, Melissa M.
AU - Robert, Marie
AU - Thompson, Andrew
AU - Amaral, Vinicius
AU - Behrenfeld, Michael
AU - Benitez-Nelson, Claudia
AU - Bisson, Kelsey
AU - Boss, Emmanuel
AU - Boyd, Philip W.
AU - Brzezinski, Mark
AU - Buck, Kristen
AU - Burd, Adrian
AU - Burns, Shannon
AU - Caprara, Salvatore
AU - Carlson, Craig
AU - Cassar, Nicolas
AU - Close, Hilary
AU - D'Asaro, Eric
AU - Durkin, Colleen
AU - Erickson, Zachary
AU - Estapa, Margaret L.
AU - Fields, Erik
AU - Fox, James
AU - Freeman, Scott
AU - Gifford, Scott
AU - Gong, Weida
AU - Gray, Deric
AU - Guidi, Lionel
AU - Haëntjens, Nils
AU - Halsey, Kim
AU - Huot, Yannick
AU - Hansell, Dennis
AU - Jenkins, Bethany
AU - Karp-Boss, Lee
AU - Kramer, Sasha
AU - Lam, Phoebe
AU - Lee, Jong Mi
AU - Maas, Amy
AU - Marchal, Olivier
AU - Marchetti, Adrian
AU - McDonnell, Andrew
AU - McNair, Heather
AU - Menden-Deuer, Susanne
AU - Morison, Francoise
AU - Niebergall, Alexandria K.
AU - Passow, Uta
AU - Popp, Brian
AU - Potvin, Geneviève
AU - Resplandy, Laure
AU - Roca-Martí, Montserrat
AU - Roesler, Collin
AU - Rynearson, Tatiana
AU - Traylor, Shawnee
AU - Santoro, Alyson
AU - Seraphin, Kanesa Duncan
AU - Sosik, Heidi M.
AU - Stamieszkin, Karen
AU - Stephens, Brandon
AU - Tang, Weiyi
AU - van Mooy, Benjamin
AU - Xiong, Yuanheng
AU - Zhang, Xiaodong
N1 - Funding Information:
The history of the EXPORTS field campaign stretches back nearly a decade. The original impetus for EXPORTS came from a scoping project funded by NASA to draft a Science Plan for a large-scale field campaign on the biological pump in 2013. After extensive peer and panel review, the EXPORTS Science Plan was completed (EXPORTS Writing Team, 2015; Siegel et al., 2016). In 2015, NASA formed the EXPORTS Science Definition Team to write an implementation plan that provided guidelines for how the EXPORTS field campaign would be conducted and provided a cost and risk assessment through an ensemble of deployment scenarios (EXPORTS Science Definition Team, 2016). The EXPORTS implementation plan called for a multi-scale Figure 2. Conceptual food web diagram from the EXPORTS Science Plan. Shown here is the conceptual food web diagram or “wiring diagram” from the EXPORTS Science Plan (EXPORTS Writing Team, 2015). The upper portion represents the euphotic zone (EZ) food web while the lower portion represents the mesopelagic zone, sometimes referred to as the twilight zone (TZ). These two regions are connected via the vertical flux pathways due to (A) sinking particles, (B) physical mixing of particles and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and (C) the vertical migration of macrozooplankton and higher trophic organisms. The EZ food web denotes the input of net primary production by picophytoplankton and microplankton, the grazing by microzooplankton and microzooplankton and the recycling of some of the NPP energy by the microbial loop. Sinking particles can leave the EZ via (1) phytodetritus, (2) aggregates, and (3) fecal materials and zooplankton carcasses. The TZ food web consumes and recycles organic matter transferred to it via the three major pathways. The organic carbon consumption within the TZ food web controls the transmission of the sinking particle flux to depth. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00107.f2 sampling approach, combining two ships and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) leveraging ongoing partnership programs, as depicted in Figure 3.
Funding Information:
NASA structured the EXPORTS field campaign as a multiyear effort with a “Pre-EXPORTS” modeling and data-mining activity followed by a first phase with two major field programs and a second synthesis and modeling phase (Figure 4). The “Pre-EXPORTS” projects helped to plan the field campaign (e.g., Rousseaux and Gregg, 2017; Resplandy et al., 2019) and to create data sets mined from the literature (e.g., Bisson et al., 2018; Bisson et al., 2020; Kramer and Siegel, 2019) that can be useful for global syntheses (Table 1). These efforts were followed by Phase 1 of EXPORTS, where the Science Team openly competed to conduct field deployments in the Northeast Pacific in late summer 2018 and in the North Atlantic in spring 2020. Several individual projects also received support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), with all NSF principal investigators joining the EXPORTS Science Team (Table 1). The objectives of Phase 1 are to collect the Figure 3. Conceptual diagram of the sampling array for the EXPORTS Northeast Pacific Field Deployment. The sampling array for the EXPORTS Northeast Pacific field deployment is composed of both ship and autonomous sampling platforms. Two ships were deployed: a Process Ship, the R/V Roger Revelle; and a Survey Ship, the R/V Sally Ride. The autonomous sampling array was highly heterogeneous with an instrumented Lagrangian float that the Process Ship followed, a Seaglider, multiple neutrally buoyant sediment traps (NBSTs), a surface-tethered sediment trap array, an instrumented Wirewalker profiler, and two biogeochemical Argo profilers. The EXPORTS Northeast Pacific field deployment was conducted at Station P in the Northeast Pacific (near 45°N 145°W) which is a Global Node of the U.S. NSF’s Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00107.f3 necessary data to answer science questions 1 and 2, submit collected data to national repositories (SeaBASS and BCO-DMO) making them publicly available for all interested users, and conduct preliminary syntheses and modeling.
Funding Information:
The EXPORTS Science Team would like to acknowledge support from the NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program and the National Science Foundation Biological and Chemical Oceanography programs. Thanks go to the captains and crews of the R/Vs Revelle and Ride and to the Ship Operations staff of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. We are grateful for the support of our collaborators from Canadian Line P program and OOI. Special thanks to Paula Bontempi (formally NASA HQ), Laura Lorenzoni (NASA HQ), Mike Sieracki (NSF BIO-OCE), and Quincy Allison and his team (NASA AMES) for their vision and support throughout the development and implementation of the EXPORTS field campaign. DAS, NN, KB, EF, SK, AB, AM, UP: NASA 80NSSC17K0692. MJB, EB, JG, LG, KH, LKB, JF, NH: NASA 80NSSC17K0568. KB, CBN, LR, MRM: NASA 80NSSC17K0555. CC, DH, BS: NASA 80NSSC18K0437. HC: NSF 1830016. BP, KDS: NSF 1829425. ME, KB, CD, MO: NASA 80NSSC17K0662. AF: NSF 1756932. BJ, KB, MB, SB, SC: NSF 1756442. PH, OM, JML: NSF 1829614. CL, ED, DN, MO, MJP, AT, ZN, ST: NASA 80NSSC17K0663. AM, NC, SG, WT, AN, WG: NASA 80NSSC17K0552. SMD, TR, HM, FM: NASA 80NSSC17K0716. CR, HS: NASA 80NSSC17K0700. AS, PB: NASA 80NSSC18K1431. DS, AM, KS NASA 80NS SC17K0654. BVM: NSF 1756254. XZ, DG, LG, YH: NASA 80NSSC17K0656 and 80NSSC20K0350.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PY - 2021/7/7
Y1 - 2021/7/7
N2 - The goal of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) field campaign is to develop a predictive understanding of the export, fate, and carbon cycle impacts of global ocean net primary production. To accomplish this goal, observations of export flux pathways, plankton community composition, food web processes, and optical, physical, and biogeochemical (BGC) properties are needed over a range of ecosystem states. Here we introduce the first EXPORTS field deployment to Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer of 2018, providing context for other papers in this special collection. The experiment was conducted with two ships: a Process Ship, focused on ecological rates, BGC fluxes, temporal changes in food web, and BGC and optical properties, that followed an instrumented Lagrangian float; and a Survey Ship that sampled BGC and optical properties in spatial patterns around the Process Ship. An array of autonomous underwater assets provided measurements over a range of spatial and temporal scales, and partnering programs and remote sensing observations provided additional observational context. The oceanographic setting was typical of late-summer conditions at Ocean Station Papa: a shallow mixed layer, strong vertical and weak horizontal gradients in hydrographic properties, sluggish sub-inertial currents, elevated macronutrient concentrations and low phytoplankton abundances. Although nutrient concentrations were consistent with previous observations, mixed layer chlorophyll was lower than typically observed, resulting in a deeper euphotic zone. Analyses of surface layer temperature and salinity found three distinct surface water types, allowing for diagnosis of whether observed changes were spatial or temporal. The 2018 EXPORTS field deployment is among the most comprehensive biological pump studies ever conducted. A second deployment to the North Atlantic Ocean occurred in spring 2021, which will be followed by focused work on data synthesis and modeling using the entire EXPORTS data set.
AB - The goal of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) field campaign is to develop a predictive understanding of the export, fate, and carbon cycle impacts of global ocean net primary production. To accomplish this goal, observations of export flux pathways, plankton community composition, food web processes, and optical, physical, and biogeochemical (BGC) properties are needed over a range of ecosystem states. Here we introduce the first EXPORTS field deployment to Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer of 2018, providing context for other papers in this special collection. The experiment was conducted with two ships: a Process Ship, focused on ecological rates, BGC fluxes, temporal changes in food web, and BGC and optical properties, that followed an instrumented Lagrangian float; and a Survey Ship that sampled BGC and optical properties in spatial patterns around the Process Ship. An array of autonomous underwater assets provided measurements over a range of spatial and temporal scales, and partnering programs and remote sensing observations provided additional observational context. The oceanographic setting was typical of late-summer conditions at Ocean Station Papa: a shallow mixed layer, strong vertical and weak horizontal gradients in hydrographic properties, sluggish sub-inertial currents, elevated macronutrient concentrations and low phytoplankton abundances. Although nutrient concentrations were consistent with previous observations, mixed layer chlorophyll was lower than typically observed, resulting in a deeper euphotic zone. Analyses of surface layer temperature and salinity found three distinct surface water types, allowing for diagnosis of whether observed changes were spatial or temporal. The 2018 EXPORTS field deployment is among the most comprehensive biological pump studies ever conducted. A second deployment to the North Atlantic Ocean occurred in spring 2021, which will be followed by focused work on data synthesis and modeling using the entire EXPORTS data set.
KW - Biological pump
KW - Carbon cycle
KW - Export pathways
KW - NASA field campaign
KW - NPP fates
KW - Organic carbon export
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85112128471&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85112128471&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1525/elementa.2020.00107
DO - 10.1525/elementa.2020.00107
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85112128471
SN - 2325-1026
VL - 9
JO - Elementa
JF - Elementa
IS - 1
M1 - 9
ER -