An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova

A. M. Soderberg; E. Berger; K. L. Page; P. Schady; J. Parrent; D. Pooley; X. Y. Wang; E. O. Ofek; A. Cucchiara; A. Rau; E. Waxman; J. D. Simon; D. C.J. Bock; P. A. Milne; M. J. Page; J. C. Barentine; S. D. Barthelmy; A. P. Beardmore; M. F. Bietenholz; P. Brown; Adam S. Burrows; D. N. Burrows; G. Byrngelson; S. B. Cenko; P. Chandra; J. R. Cummings; D. B. Fox; A. Gal-Yam; N. Gehrels; S. Immler; M. Kasliwal; A. K.H. Kong; H. A. Krimm; S. R. Kulkarni; T. J. MacCarone; P. Mészáros; E. Nakar; P. T. O'Brien; R. A. Overzier; M. De Pasquale; J. Racusin; N. Rea; D. G. York

doi:10.1038/nature06997

An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova

A. M. Soderberg, E. Berger, K. L. Page, P. Schady, J. Parrent, D. Pooley, X. Y. Wang, E. O. Ofek, A. Cucchiara, A. Rau, E. Waxman, J. D. Simon, D. C.J. Bock, P. A. Milne, M. J. Page, J. C. Barentine, S. D. Barthelmy, A. P. Beardmore, M. F. Bietenholz, P. BrownAdam S. Burrows, D. N. Burrows, G. Byrngelson, S. B. Cenko, P. Chandra, J. R. Cummings, D. B. Fox, A. Gal-Yam, N. Gehrels, S. Immler, M. Kasliwal, A. K.H. Kong, H. A. Krimm, S. R. Kulkarni, T. J. MacCarone, P. Mészáros, E. Nakar, P. T. O'Brien, R. A. Overzier, M. De Pasquale, J. Racusin, N. Rea, D. G. York

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Abstract

Massive stars end their short lives in spectacular explosions - supernovae - that synthesize new elements and drive galaxy evolution. Historically, supernovae were discovered mainly through their 'delayed' optical light (some days after the burst of neutrinos that marks the actual event), preventing observations in the first moments following the explosion. As a result, the progenitors of some supernovae and the events leading up to their violent demise remain intensely debated. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of a supernova at the time of the explosion, marked by an extremely luminous X-ray outburst. We attribute the outburst to the 'break-out' of the supernova shock wave from the progenitor star, and show that the inferred rate of such events agrees with that of all core-collapse supernovae. We predict that future wide-field X-ray surveys will catch each year hundreds of supernovae in the act of exploding.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	469-474
Number of pages	6
Journal	Nature
Volume	453
Issue number	7194
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06997
State	Published - May 22 2008

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Soderberg, A. M., Berger, E., Page, K. L., Schady, P., Parrent, J., Pooley, D., Wang, X. Y., Ofek, E. O., Cucchiara, A., Rau, A., Waxman, E., Simon, J. D., Bock, D. C. J., Milne, P. A., Page, M. J., Barentine, J. C., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Bietenholz, M. F., ... York, D. G. (2008). An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova. Nature, 453(7194), 469-474. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06997

@article{3e9af826101a4e81b961c1543320ee24,

title = "An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova",

abstract = "Massive stars end their short lives in spectacular explosions - supernovae - that synthesize new elements and drive galaxy evolution. Historically, supernovae were discovered mainly through their 'delayed' optical light (some days after the burst of neutrinos that marks the actual event), preventing observations in the first moments following the explosion. As a result, the progenitors of some supernovae and the events leading up to their violent demise remain intensely debated. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of a supernova at the time of the explosion, marked by an extremely luminous X-ray outburst. We attribute the outburst to the 'break-out' of the supernova shock wave from the progenitor star, and show that the inferred rate of such events agrees with that of all core-collapse supernovae. We predict that future wide-field X-ray surveys will catch each year hundreds of supernovae in the act of exploding.",

author = "Soderberg, {A. M.} and E. Berger and Page, {K. L.} and P. Schady and J. Parrent and D. Pooley and Wang, {X. Y.} and Ofek, {E. O.} and A. Cucchiara and A. Rau and E. Waxman and Simon, {J. D.} and Bock, {D. C.J.} and Milne, {P. A.} and Page, {M. J.} and Barentine, {J. C.} and Barthelmy, {S. D.} and Beardmore, {A. P.} and Bietenholz, {M. F.} and P. Brown and Burrows, {Adam S.} and Burrows, {D. N.} and G. Byrngelson and Cenko, {S. B.} and P. Chandra and Cummings, {J. R.} and Fox, {D. B.} and A. Gal-Yam and N. Gehrels and S. Immler and M. Kasliwal and Kong, {A. K.H.} and Krimm, {H. A.} and Kulkarni, {S. R.} and MacCarone, {T. J.} and P. M{\'e}sz{\'a}ros and E. Nakar and O'Brien, {P. T.} and Overzier, {R. A.} and {De Pasquale}, M. and J. Racusin and N. Rea and York, {D. G.}",

note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements This Article is based in part on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory through the Director{\textquoteright}s Discretionary Time. Gemini is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the NSF (US), the STFC (UK), the NRC (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), the ARC (Australia), CNPq (Brazil) and SECYT (Argentina). The VLA is operated by NRAO, a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA. The Observatory was made possible by the financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. A.M.S. acknowledges support by NASA through a Hubble Fellowship.",

year = "2008",

month = may,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1038/nature06997",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "453",

pages = "469--474",

journal = "Nature",

issn = "0028-0836",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

number = "7194",

}

Soderberg, AM, Berger, E, Page, KL, Schady, P, Parrent, J, Pooley, D, Wang, XY, Ofek, EO, Cucchiara, A, Rau, A, Waxman, E, Simon, JD, Bock, DCJ, Milne, PA, Page, MJ, Barentine, JC, Barthelmy, SD, Beardmore, AP, Bietenholz, MF, Brown, P, Burrows, AS, Burrows, DN, Byrngelson, G, Cenko, SB, Chandra, P, Cummings, JR, Fox, DB, Gal-Yam, A, Gehrels, N, Immler, S, Kasliwal, M, Kong, AKH, Krimm, HA, Kulkarni, SR, MacCarone, TJ, Mészáros, P, Nakar, E, O'Brien, PT, Overzier, RA, De Pasquale, M, Racusin, J, Rea, N & York, DG 2008, 'An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova', Nature, vol. 453, no. 7194, pp. 469-474. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06997

TY - JOUR

T1 - An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova

AU - Soderberg, A. M.

AU - Berger, E.

AU - Page, K. L.

AU - Schady, P.

AU - Parrent, J.

AU - Pooley, D.

AU - Wang, X. Y.

AU - Ofek, E. O.

AU - Cucchiara, A.

AU - Rau, A.

AU - Waxman, E.

AU - Simon, J. D.

AU - Bock, D. C.J.

AU - Milne, P. A.

AU - Page, M. J.

AU - Barentine, J. C.

AU - Barthelmy, S. D.

AU - Beardmore, A. P.

AU - Bietenholz, M. F.

AU - Brown, P.

AU - Burrows, Adam S.

AU - Burrows, D. N.

AU - Byrngelson, G.

AU - Cenko, S. B.

AU - Chandra, P.

AU - Cummings, J. R.

AU - Fox, D. B.

AU - Gal-Yam, A.

AU - Gehrels, N.

AU - Immler, S.

AU - Kasliwal, M.

AU - Kong, A. K.H.

AU - Krimm, H. A.

AU - Kulkarni, S. R.

AU - MacCarone, T. J.

AU - Mészáros, P.

AU - Nakar, E.

AU - O'Brien, P. T.

AU - Overzier, R. A.

AU - De Pasquale, M.

AU - Racusin, J.

AU - Rea, N.

AU - York, D. G.

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements This Article is based in part on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory through the Director’s Discretionary Time. Gemini is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the NSF (US), the STFC (UK), the NRC (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), the ARC (Australia), CNPq (Brazil) and SECYT (Argentina). The VLA is operated by NRAO, a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA. The Observatory was made possible by the financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. A.M.S. acknowledges support by NASA through a Hubble Fellowship.

PY - 2008/5/22

Y1 - 2008/5/22

N2 - Massive stars end their short lives in spectacular explosions - supernovae - that synthesize new elements and drive galaxy evolution. Historically, supernovae were discovered mainly through their 'delayed' optical light (some days after the burst of neutrinos that marks the actual event), preventing observations in the first moments following the explosion. As a result, the progenitors of some supernovae and the events leading up to their violent demise remain intensely debated. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of a supernova at the time of the explosion, marked by an extremely luminous X-ray outburst. We attribute the outburst to the 'break-out' of the supernova shock wave from the progenitor star, and show that the inferred rate of such events agrees with that of all core-collapse supernovae. We predict that future wide-field X-ray surveys will catch each year hundreds of supernovae in the act of exploding.

AB - Massive stars end their short lives in spectacular explosions - supernovae - that synthesize new elements and drive galaxy evolution. Historically, supernovae were discovered mainly through their 'delayed' optical light (some days after the burst of neutrinos that marks the actual event), preventing observations in the first moments following the explosion. As a result, the progenitors of some supernovae and the events leading up to their violent demise remain intensely debated. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of a supernova at the time of the explosion, marked by an extremely luminous X-ray outburst. We attribute the outburst to the 'break-out' of the supernova shock wave from the progenitor star, and show that the inferred rate of such events agrees with that of all core-collapse supernovae. We predict that future wide-field X-ray surveys will catch each year hundreds of supernovae in the act of exploding.

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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=44349169914&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1038/nature06997

DO - 10.1038/nature06997

M3 - Article

C2 - 18497815

AN - SCOPUS:44349169914

SN - 0028-0836

VL - 453

SP - 469

EP - 474

JO - Nature

JF - Nature

IS - 7194

ER -

An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova

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