TY - JOUR
T1 - An Atmospheric Constraint on the Seasonal Air-Sea Exchange of Oxygen and Heat in the Extratropics
AU - Morgan, Eric J.
AU - Manizza, Manfredi
AU - Keeling, Ralph F.
AU - Resplandy, Laure
AU - Mikaloff-Fletcher, Sara E.
AU - Nevison, Cynthia D.
AU - Jin, Yuming
AU - Bent, Jonathan D.
AU - Aumont, Olivier
AU - Doney, Scott C.
AU - Dunne, John P.
AU - John, Jasmin
AU - Lima, Ivan D.
AU - Long, Matthew C.
AU - Rodgers, Keith B.
N1 - Funding Information:
The recent atmospheric measurements of the Scripps program have been supported via funding from the NSF and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under grants 1304270 and OAR‐CIPO‐2015‐2004269. M. Manizza and R. F. Keeling thank NSF for financial support via the OCE‐1130976 grant. M. Manizza thanks additional financial support from NSF via the ARRA OCE‐0850350 grant. S. C. Doney acknowledges support from NSF PLR‐1440435. Keith Rodgers acknowledges support from IBS‐R028‐D1. Gael Forget and the ECCO group kindly provided the ECCOv4 heat fluxes. The authors thank group members Stephen Walker, Sara Afshar, Shane Clark, Bill Paplawsky for support in the flask analyses and data workup. They thank staff from the U.S. Antarctic program for flask collections at Palmer Station, staff from the U.S. Weather Service for flask collections at Cold Bay, Alaska, and staff from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration for flask collections in Hawaii and Samoa. Comments from Graeme MacGilchrist helped to improve the manuscript. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the supporting agencies.
Funding Information:
The recent atmospheric measurements of the Scripps O2 program have been supported via funding from the NSF and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under grants 1304270 and OAR-CIPO-2015-2004269. M. Manizza and R. F. Keeling thank NSF for financial support via the OCE-1130976 grant. M. Manizza thanks additional financial support from NSF via the ARRA OCE-0850350 grant. S. C. Doney acknowledges support from NSF PLR-1440435. Keith Rodgers acknowledges support from IBS-R028-D1. Gael Forget and the ECCO group kindly provided the ECCOv4 heat fluxes. The authors thank group members Stephen Walker, Sara Afshar, Shane Clark, Bill Paplawsky for support in the flask analyses and data workup. They thank staff from the U.S. Antarctic program for flask collections at Palmer Station, staff from the U.S. Weather Service for flask collections at Cold Bay, Alaska, and staff from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration for flask collections in Hawaii and Samoa. Comments from Graeme MacGilchrist helped to improve the manuscript. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the supporting agencies.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - The air-sea exchange of oxygen (O2) is driven by changes in solubility, biological activity, and circulation. The total air-sea exchange of O2 has been shown to be closely related to the air-sea exchange of heat on seasonal timescales, with the ratio of the seasonal flux of O2 to heat varying with latitude, being higher in the extratropics and lower in the subtropics. This O2/heat ratio is both a fundamental biogeochemical property of air-sea exchange and a convenient metric for testing earth system models. Current estimates of the O2/heat flux ratio rely on sparse observations of dissolved O2, leaving it fairly unconstrained. From a model ensemble we show that the ratio of the seasonal amplitude of two atmospheric tracers, atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) and the argon-to-nitrogen ratio (Ar/O2), exhibits a close relationship to the O2/heat ratio of the extratropics (40– (Formula presented.)). The amplitude ratio, (Formula presented.) / (Formula presented.), is relatively constant within the extratropics of each hemisphere due to the zonal mixing of the atmosphere. (Formula presented.) / (Formula presented.) is not sensitive to atmospheric transport, as most of the observed spatial variability in the seasonal amplitude of (Formula presented.) APO is compensated by similar variations in (Formula presented.) (Ar/ (Formula presented.)). From the relationship between (Formula presented.) /heat and (Formula presented.) / (Formula presented.) in the model ensemble, we determine that the atmospheric observations suggest hemispherically distinct (Formula presented.) /heat flux ratios of 3.3 (Formula presented.) 0.3 and 4.7 (Formula presented.) 0.8 nmol (Formula presented.) between 40 and (Formula presented.) in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres respectively, providing a useful constraint for (Formula presented.) and heat air-sea fluxes in earth system models and observation-based data products.
AB - The air-sea exchange of oxygen (O2) is driven by changes in solubility, biological activity, and circulation. The total air-sea exchange of O2 has been shown to be closely related to the air-sea exchange of heat on seasonal timescales, with the ratio of the seasonal flux of O2 to heat varying with latitude, being higher in the extratropics and lower in the subtropics. This O2/heat ratio is both a fundamental biogeochemical property of air-sea exchange and a convenient metric for testing earth system models. Current estimates of the O2/heat flux ratio rely on sparse observations of dissolved O2, leaving it fairly unconstrained. From a model ensemble we show that the ratio of the seasonal amplitude of two atmospheric tracers, atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) and the argon-to-nitrogen ratio (Ar/O2), exhibits a close relationship to the O2/heat ratio of the extratropics (40– (Formula presented.)). The amplitude ratio, (Formula presented.) / (Formula presented.), is relatively constant within the extratropics of each hemisphere due to the zonal mixing of the atmosphere. (Formula presented.) / (Formula presented.) is not sensitive to atmospheric transport, as most of the observed spatial variability in the seasonal amplitude of (Formula presented.) APO is compensated by similar variations in (Formula presented.) (Ar/ (Formula presented.)). From the relationship between (Formula presented.) /heat and (Formula presented.) / (Formula presented.) in the model ensemble, we determine that the atmospheric observations suggest hemispherically distinct (Formula presented.) /heat flux ratios of 3.3 (Formula presented.) 0.3 and 4.7 (Formula presented.) 0.8 nmol (Formula presented.) between 40 and (Formula presented.) in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres respectively, providing a useful constraint for (Formula presented.) and heat air-sea fluxes in earth system models and observation-based data products.
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U2 - 10.1029/2021JC017510
DO - 10.1029/2021JC017510
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85113639465
SN - 2169-9291
VL - 126
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
IS - 8
M1 - e2021JC017510
ER -