# Algorithmic Analysis and Statistical Estimation of SLOPE via Approximate Message Passing

Zhiqi Bu, Jason M. Klusowski, Cynthia Rush, Weijie J. Su

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

7 Scopus citations

## Abstract

SLOPE is a relatively new convex optimization procedure for high-dimensional linear regression via the sorted $\ell _{1}$ penalty: the larger the rank of the fitted coefficient, the larger the penalty. This non-separable penalty renders many existing techniques invalid or inconclusive in analyzing the SLOPE solution. In this paper, we develop an asymptotically exact characterization of the SLOPE solution under Gaussian random designs through solving the SLOPE problem using approximate message passing (AMP). This algorithmic approach allows us to approximate the SLOPE solution via the much more amenable AMP iterates. Explicitly, we characterize the asymptotic dynamics of the AMP iterates relying on a recently developed state evolution analysis for non-separable penalties, thereby overcoming the difficulty caused by the sorted $\ell _{1}$ penalty. Moreover, we prove that the AMP iterates converge to the SLOPE solution in an asymptotic sense, and numerical simulations show that the convergence is surprisingly fast. Our proof rests on a novel technique that specifically leverages the SLOPE problem. In contrast to prior literature, our work not only yields an asymptotically sharp analysis but also offers an algorithmic, flexible, and constructive approach to understanding the SLOPE problem.

Original language English (US) 9204751 506-537 32 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 67 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2020.3025272 Published - Jan 2021

## All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

• Information Systems
• Computer Science Applications
• Library and Information Sciences

## Keywords

• Approximate message passing (AMP)
• high-dimensional regression
• sorted ℓ₁ regression
• state evolution

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