Activity Coefficients and Solubility of CaCl₂ from Molecular Simulations

We obtain the activity coefficients and lower bounds to the solubility of CaCl₂ in aqueous solutions at temperatures between 298.15 and 473.15 K using molecular simulations with three previously developed nonpolarizable force fields. We find that a scaled-charge force field gives incorrect activity coefficients at low concentration and has a different absolute chemical potential than experiments, but still predicts an accurate solubility for the calcium chloride dihydrate. The two full-charge models have chemical potentials and activity coefficients closer to experiments, but there is considerable variation between them, with the chemical potentials differing by over 100 kJ·mol^-1. The slow dynamics of the full-charge models at high concentrations are unrealistic and require advanced sampling methods to obtain the activity coefficients. We find that development of polarizable models is likely neceßary to accurately represent both thermodynamic and transport properties of divalent electrolyte solutions.