Accurate mass spectrometry of trapped ions

The Penning trap Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) method we use to weigh atomic masses is reviewed, and our plans for future measurements, new methods, and apparatus improvements are discussed. Our ultimate goal is to develop a new technique for measuring atomic masses with an accuracy of a few parts in 10¹². We will do this by comparing the cyclotron frequencies of two simultaneously trapped ions. In order to successfully implement this new method we are developing a quieter, more sensitive DC SQUID-based detector and a new more harmonic trap, and we plan to use our classical squeezing techniques to reduce the effects of thermal noise. With our improved apparatus we will weigh Cs and Rb to help determine the fine structure constant α, weigh ²⁹Si and ³⁰Si as part of the current effort to replace the artifact kilogram standard with a Si crystal containing a known number of atoms, and measure the ³H-³He mass difference to help set a limit on the mass of the electron neutrino. Our higher accuracy will also enable us to "weigh" the neutron capture gamma rays of ²⁸Si, ³²S, and ⁴⁸Ti to help determine the molar Planck constant N_Ah and the fine structure constant α. Finally, with a mass measurement accuracy ∼ 10^-12 we will be able to "weigh" chemical bonds.