@article{0c6098fcf90743e8858cb60f278f070f,
title = "A systematic study of proto-neutron star convection in three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations",
abstract = "This paper presents the first systematic study of proto-neutron star (PNS) convection in three dimensions (3D) based on our latest numerical FORNAX models of core-collapse supernova (CCSN). We confirm that PNS convection commonly occurs, and then quantify the basic physical characteristics of the convection. By virtue of the large number of long-term models, the diversity of PNS convective behaviour emerges. We find that the vigour of PNS convection is not correlated with CCSN dynamics at large radii, but rather with the mass of PNS − heavier masses are associated with stronger PNS convection. We find that PNS convection boosts the luminosities of νμ, ντ, ν¯μ, and ν¯τ neutrinos, while the impact on other species is complex due to a competition of factors. Finally, we assess the consequent impact on CCSN dynamics and the potential for PNS convection to generate pulsar magnetic fields.",
keywords = "Supernovae: general, Turbulence",
author = "Hiroki Nagakura and Adam Burrows and David Radice and David Vartanyan",
note = "Funding Information: The authors acknowledge ongoing contributions to this effort by Josh Dolence and Aaron Skinner. We also acknowledge Evan O{\textquoteright}Connor regarding the equation of state, Gabriel Mart{\'i}nez-Pinedo concerning electron capture on heavy nuclei, Tug Sukhbold and Stan Woosley for providing details concerning the initial models, Todd Thompson regarding inelastic scattering, and Andrina Nicola for help in computing the turbulent spectrum. We acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research via the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC4) program and Grant DE-SC0018297 (subaward 00009650). In addition, we gratefully acknowledge support from the U.S. NSF under Grants AST-1714267 and PHY-1804048 (the latter via the Max-Planck/Princeton Center (MPPC) for Plasma Physics). DR cites partial support as a Frank and Peggy Taplin Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. An award of computer time was provided by the INCITE program. That research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. In addition, this overall research project is part of the Blue Waters sustained-petascale computing project, which is supported by the National Science Foundation (awards OCI-0725070 and ACI-1238993) and the state of Illinois. Blue Waters is a joint effort of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and its National Center for Supercomputing Applications. This general project is also part of the {\textquoteleft}Three-Dimensional Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae{\textquoteright} PRAC allocation support by the National Science Foundation (under award #OAC-1809073). Moreover, access under the local award #TG-AST170045 to the resource Stampede2 in the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562, was crucial to the completion of this work. Finally, the authors employed computational resources provided by the TIGRESS high performance computer center at Princeton University, which is jointly supported by the Princeton Institute for Computational Science and Engineering (PICSciE) and the Princeton University Office of Information Technology, and acknowledge our continuing allocation at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC03-76SF00098. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society",
year = "2020",
doi = "10.1093/MNRAS/STAA261",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "492",
pages = "5764--5779",
journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
issn = "0035-8711",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "4",
}