@article{48ee8372ad5742c9b52682c55423efb3,
title = "A study of the energy consumption characteristics of cryptographic algorithms and security protocols",
abstract = "Security is becoming an everyday concern for a wide range of electronic systems that manipulate, communicate, and store sensitive data. An important and emerging category of such electronic systems are battery-powered mobile appliances, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cell phones, which are severely constrained in the resources they possess, namely, processor, battery, and memory. This work focuses on one important constraint of such devicesbattery lifeand examines how it is impacted by the use of various security mechanisms. In this paper, we first present a comprehensive analysis of the energy requirements of a wide range of cryptographic algorithms that form the building blocks of security mechanisms such as security protocols. We then study the energy consumption requirements of the most popular transport-layer security protocol: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). We investigate the impact of various parameters at the protocol level (such as cipher suites, authentication mechanisms, and transaction sizes, etc.) and the cryptographic algorithm level (cipher modes, strength) on the overall energy consumption for secure data transactions. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of the energy requirements of SSL. For our studies, we have developed a measurement-based experimental testbed that consists of an iPAQ PDA connected to a wireless local area network (LAN) and running Linux, a PC-based data acquisition system for real-time current measurement, the OpenSSL implementation of the SSL protocol, and parameterizable SSL client and server test programs. Based on our results, we also discuss various opportunities for realizing energy-efficient implementations of security protocols. We believe such investigations to be an important first step toward addressing the challenges of energy-efficient security for battery-constrained systems.",
keywords = "3DES, AES, Cryptographic algorithms, DES, DSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECC, Embedded system, Energy analysis, Handheld, Low-power, RSA, SSL, Security, Security protocols",
author = "Potlapally, {N. R.} and S. Ravi and A. Raghunathan and Jha, {N. K.}",
note = "Funding Information: Niraj K. Jha (S{\textquoteright}85-M{\textquoteright}85-SM{\textquoteright}93-F{\textquoteright}98) received the BTech degree in electronics and electrical communication engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India in 1981, the MS degree in electrical engineering from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, in 1982, and the PhD degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois in 1985. He is a professor of electrical engineering at Princeton University. He has served as an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing. He is currently serving as an editor of the IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design, the IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems, the Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications (JETTA), and the Journal of Embedded Computing. He has served as the guest editor for the JETTA special issue on high-level test synthesis. He has also served as the program chairman of the 1992 Workshop on Fault-Tolerant Parallel and Distributed Systems and the 2004 International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing. He is the director of the Center for Embedded System-on-a-Chip Design funded by the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology. He is the recipient of the AT&T Foundation Award and NEC Preceptorship Award for research excellence, the NCR Award for teaching excellence, and a Princeton University Graduate Mentoring Award. He has coauthored three books titled Testing and Reliable Design of CMOS Circuits (Kluwer, 1990), High-Level Power Analysis and Optimization (Kluwer, 1998), and Testing of Digital Systems (Cambridge University Press, 2003). He has also authored four book chapters. He has authored or coauthored more than 270 technical papers. He has coauthored six papers which have won the Best Paper Award at ICCD{\textquoteright}93, FTCS{\textquoteright}97, ICVLSID{\textquoteright}98, DAC{\textquoteright}99, PDCS{\textquoteright}02, and ICVLSID{\textquoteright}03. Another paper of his was selected for “The Best of ICCAD: A collection of the best IEEE International Conference on Computer-Aided Design papers of the past 20 years.” He has received 11 US patents. His research interests include low power hardware and software design, computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems, digital system testing, and distributed computing. He is a fellow of the ACM and the IEEE.",
year = "2006",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1109/TMC.2006.16",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "5",
pages = "128--143",
journal = "IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing",
issn = "1536-1233",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
number = "2",
}