TY - JOUR
T1 - A sliver of the past
T2 - The decimation of the genetic diversity of the Mexican wolf
AU - Taron, Ulrike H.
AU - Salado, Isabel
AU - Escobar-Rodríguez, Mariana
AU - Westbury, Michael V.
AU - Butschkau, Susanne
AU - Paijmans, Johanna L.A.
AU - vonHoldt, Bridgett M.
AU - Hofreiter, Michael
AU - Leonard, Jennifer A.
N1 - Funding Information:
Alexandra Trinks and Kirstin Henneberger are thanked for assistance in processing samples in the laboratory and technical support. We thank Robert Fisher and the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) for the samples of historical Mexican wolves. We thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Logistical support was provided by Doñana's Singular Scientific‐Technical Infrastructure (ICTS‐EBD). Funding was provided by the European Research Council (consolidator grant GeneFlow no. 310763 to MH) and by the Junta de Andalucia (Frontera grant P18‐FR‐5099 to JAL). IS was supported by a pre‐doctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FPU programme, FPU17/02584). ME‐R was supported by UNAM‐DGECI through the grant “Beca Extraordinaria de Capacitación e Investigación (Fall, 2019)”.
Funding Information:
Alexandra Trinks and Kirstin Henneberger are thanked for assistance in processing samples in the laboratory and technical support. We thank Robert Fisher and the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) for the samples of historical Mexican wolves. We thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Logistical support was provided by Do?ana's Singular Scientific-Technical Infrastructure (ICTS-EBD). Funding was provided by the European Research Council (consolidator grant GeneFlow no. 310763 to MH) and by the Junta de Andalucia (Frontera grant P18-FR-5099 to JAL). IS was supported by a pre-doctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FPU programme, FPU17/02584). ME-R was supported by UNAM-DGECI through the grant ?Beca Extraordinaria de Capacitaci?n e Investigaci?n (Fall, 2019)?.
Funding Information:
This project was conceived by Jennifer A. Leonard and Michael Hofreiter, and data collection was funded by Michael Hofreiter. The laboratory work was done by Ulrike H. Taron, Susanne Butschkau and Johanna L. A Paijmans. Analyses were done by Ulrike H. Taron, Isabel Salado, Mariana Escobar‐Rodríguez, Michael V. Westbury and Bridgett M. vonHoldt. The manuscript was written by Jennifer A. Leonard, Ulrike H. Taron and Isabel Salado, and was edited and approved by all authors.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Molecular Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - The endangered Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is known to carry exceedingly low levels of genetic diversity. This could be (i) the result of long-term evolutionary patterns as they exist at the southernmost limit of the species distribution at a relatively reduced effective size, or (ii) due to rapid population decline caused by human persecution over the last century. If the former, purifying selection is expected to have minimized the impact of inbreeding. If the latter, rapid and recent declines in genetic diversity may have resulted in severe fitness consequences. To differentiate these hypotheses, we conducted comparative whole-genome analyses of five historical Mexican wolves (1907–1917) and 18 contemporary Mexican and grey wolves from North America and Eurasia. Based on whole-genome data, historical and modern Mexican wolves together form a discrete unit. Moreover, we found that modern Mexican wolves have reduced genetic diversity and increased inbreeding relative to the historical population, which was widespread across the southwestern United States and not restricted to Mexico as previously assumed. Finally, although Mexican wolves have evolved in sympatry with coyotes (C. latrans), we observed lower introgression between historical Mexican wolves and coyotes than with modern Mexican wolves, despite similarities in body size. Taken together, our data show that recent population declines probably caused the reduced level of genetic diversity, but not the observed differentiation of the Mexican wolves from other North American wolves.
AB - The endangered Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is known to carry exceedingly low levels of genetic diversity. This could be (i) the result of long-term evolutionary patterns as they exist at the southernmost limit of the species distribution at a relatively reduced effective size, or (ii) due to rapid population decline caused by human persecution over the last century. If the former, purifying selection is expected to have minimized the impact of inbreeding. If the latter, rapid and recent declines in genetic diversity may have resulted in severe fitness consequences. To differentiate these hypotheses, we conducted comparative whole-genome analyses of five historical Mexican wolves (1907–1917) and 18 contemporary Mexican and grey wolves from North America and Eurasia. Based on whole-genome data, historical and modern Mexican wolves together form a discrete unit. Moreover, we found that modern Mexican wolves have reduced genetic diversity and increased inbreeding relative to the historical population, which was widespread across the southwestern United States and not restricted to Mexico as previously assumed. Finally, although Mexican wolves have evolved in sympatry with coyotes (C. latrans), we observed lower introgression between historical Mexican wolves and coyotes than with modern Mexican wolves, despite similarities in body size. Taken together, our data show that recent population declines probably caused the reduced level of genetic diversity, but not the observed differentiation of the Mexican wolves from other North American wolves.
KW - bottleneck
KW - carnivore
KW - historical DNA
KW - historical genome
KW - introgression
KW - mitochondria
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85109379331&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85109379331&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/mec.16037
DO - 10.1111/mec.16037
M3 - Article
C2 - 34161633
AN - SCOPUS:85109379331
SN - 0962-1083
VL - 30
SP - 6340
EP - 6354
JO - Molecular Ecology
JF - Molecular Ecology
IS - 23
ER -