@article{5a1b5c10a78842cb8d0533650822c705,
title = "A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone",
abstract = "We investigated the molecular basis for osteolytic bone metastasis by selecting human breast cancer cell line subpopulations with elevated metastatic activity and functionally validating genes that are overexpressed in these cells. These genes act cooperatively to cause osteolytic metastasis, and most of them encode secreted and cell surface proteins. Two of these genes, interleukin-11 and CTGF, encode osteolytic and angiogenic factors whose expression is further increased by the prometastatic cytokine TGFβ. Overexpression of this bone metastasis gene set is superimposed on a poor-prognosis gene expression signature already present in the parental breast cancer population, suggesting that metastasis requires a set of functions beyond those underlying the emergence of the primary tumor.",
author = "Yibin Kang and Siegel, {Peter M.} and Weiping Shu and Maria Drobnjak and Kakonen, {Sanna M.} and Carlos Cord{\'o}n-Cardo and Guise, {Theresa A.} and Joan Massagu{\'e}",
note = "Funding Information: We are indebted to C.R. Chen, L. Jayaraman, J. Seoane, and D. Thomas for technical advice, A. Olshen for biostatistics support, and S. Tulley and E. Montalvo for expert technical assistance. We thank R. Benezra, L. Norton, N. Rosen, H. Varmus, A. Viale, and members of our laboratory for insightful discussion. We acknowledge the use of the Genomics Core Facility, Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, and the Flow Cytometry Core Facility at MSKCC, and in particular the expert technical support of H. Zhao in MDS analysis and M. Leversha in CGH analysis. Y.K. and P.M.S. are the recipients of postdoctoral fellowships from the Irvington Institute for Immunological Research and the Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Cancer Fund, respectively. J.M. is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. This research is also supported by NIH grant P01-CA94060 (J.M.) and R01-CA69158 (T.A.G).",
year = "2003",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00132-6",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "3",
pages = "537--549",
journal = "Cancer Cell",
issn = "1535-6108",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "6",
}