A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images

Tianjun Gan; Charles Cadieux; Farbod Jahandar; Allona Vazan; Sharon X. Wang; Shude Mao; Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes; D. N.C. Lin; Étienne Artigau; Neil J. Cook; René Doyon; Andrew W. Mann; Keivan G. Stassun; Adam J. Burgasser; Benjamin V. Rackham; Steve B. Howell; Karen A. Collins; Khalid Barkaoui; Avi Shporer; Jerome de Leon; Luc Arnold; George R. Ricker; Roland Vanderspek; David W. Latham; Sara Seager; Joshua N. Winn; Jon M. Jenkins; Artem Burdanov; David Charbonneau; Georgina Dransfield; Akihiko Fukui; Elise Furlan; Michaël Gillon; Matthew J. Hooton; Hannah M. Lewis; Colin Littlefield; Ismael Mireles; Norio Narita; Chris W. Ormel; Samuel N. Quinn; Ramotholo Sefako; Mathilde Timmermans; Michael Vezie; Julien de Wit

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d

A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images

Tianjun Gan, Charles Cadieux, Farbod Jahandar, Allona Vazan, Sharon X. Wang, Shude Mao, Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes, D. N.C. Lin, Étienne Artigau, Neil J. Cook, René Doyon, Andrew W. Mann, Keivan G. Stassun, Adam J. Burgasser, Benjamin V. Rackham, Steve B. Howell, Karen A. Collins, Khalid Barkaoui, Avi Shporer, Jerome de LeonLuc Arnold, George R. Ricker, Roland Vanderspek, David W. Latham, Sara Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins, Artem Burdanov, David Charbonneau, Georgina Dransfield, Akihiko Fukui, Elise Furlan, Michaël Gillon, Matthew J. Hooton, Hannah M. Lewis, Colin Littlefield, Ismael Mireles, Norio Narita, Chris W. Ormel, Samuel N. Quinn, Ramotholo Sefako, Mathilde Timmermans, Michael Vezie, Julien de Wit

Astrophysical Sciences

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Abstract

Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems has remained under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground-based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a radius of 1.22 ± 0.04 R _J and a mass of 2.48 ± 0.09 M _J, about 5 times heavier than most other giant planets around M dwarfs. It also has the highest planet-to-star mass ratio (q ∼ 4 × 10⁻³) among such systems. The host star is an early M dwarf with a mass of 0.61 ± 0.02 M _⊙ and a radius of 0.63 ± 0.02 R _⊙. It has significant supersolar iron abundance ([Fe/H] = 0.52 ± 0.08 dex). However, interior structure modeling suggests that its planet TOI-4201b is metal-poor, which challenges the classical core-accretion correlation of stellar−planet metallicity, unless the planet is inflated by additional energy sources. Building on the detection of this planet, we compare the stellar metallicity distribution of four planetary groups: hot/warm Jupiters around G/M dwarfs. We find that hot/warm Jupiters show a similar metallicity dependence around G-type stars. For M-dwarf host stars, the occurrence of hot Jupiters shows a much stronger correlation with iron abundance, while warm Jupiters display a weaker preference, indicating possible different formation histories.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	165
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	166
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d
State	Published - Oct 1 2023

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d

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Gan, T., Cadieux, C., Jahandar, F., Vazan, A., Wang, S. X., Mao, S., Alvarado-Montes, J. A., Lin, D. N. C., Artigau, É., Cook, N. J., Doyon, R., Mann, A. W., Stassun, K. G., Burgasser, A. J., Rackham, B. V., Howell, S. B., Collins, K. A., Barkaoui, K., Shporer, A., ... de Wit, J. (2023). A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images. Astronomical Journal, 166(4), Article 165. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d

@article{70bb22f6c7074627986abd8a5c6567ac,

title = "A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images",

abstract = "Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems has remained under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground-based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a radius of 1.22 ± 0.04 R J and a mass of 2.48 ± 0.09 M J, about 5 times heavier than most other giant planets around M dwarfs. It also has the highest planet-to-star mass ratio (q ∼ 4 × 10−3) among such systems. The host star is an early M dwarf with a mass of 0.61 ± 0.02 M ⊙ and a radius of 0.63 ± 0.02 R ⊙. It has significant supersolar iron abundance ([Fe/H] = 0.52 ± 0.08 dex). However, interior structure modeling suggests that its planet TOI-4201b is metal-poor, which challenges the classical core-accretion correlation of stellar−planet metallicity, unless the planet is inflated by additional energy sources. Building on the detection of this planet, we compare the stellar metallicity distribution of four planetary groups: hot/warm Jupiters around G/M dwarfs. We find that hot/warm Jupiters show a similar metallicity dependence around G-type stars. For M-dwarf host stars, the occurrence of hot Jupiters shows a much stronger correlation with iron abundance, while warm Jupiters display a weaker preference, indicating possible different formation histories.",

author = "Tianjun Gan and Charles Cadieux and Farbod Jahandar and Allona Vazan and Wang, {Sharon X.} and Shude Mao and Alvarado-Montes, {Jaime A.} and Lin, {D. N.C.} and {\'E}tienne Artigau and Cook, {Neil J.} and Ren{\'e} Doyon and Mann, {Andrew W.} and Stassun, {Keivan G.} and Burgasser, {Adam J.} and Rackham, {Benjamin V.} and Howell, {Steve B.} and Collins, {Karen A.} and Khalid Barkaoui and Avi Shporer and {de Leon}, Jerome and Luc Arnold and Ricker, {George R.} and Roland Vanderspek and Latham, {David W.} and Sara Seager and Winn, {Joshua N.} and Jenkins, {Jon M.} and Artem Burdanov and David Charbonneau and Georgina Dransfield and Akihiko Fukui and Elise Furlan and Micha{\"e}l Gillon and Hooton, {Matthew J.} and Lewis, {Hannah M.} and Colin Littlefield and Ismael Mireles and Norio Narita and Ormel, {Chris W.} and Quinn, {Samuel N.} and Ramotholo Sefako and Mathilde Timmermans and Michael Vezie and {de Wit}, Julien",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2023",

month = oct,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "166",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "4",

}

Gan, T, Cadieux, C, Jahandar, F, Vazan, A, Wang, SX, Mao, S, Alvarado-Montes, JA, Lin, DNC, Artigau, É, Cook, NJ, Doyon, R, Mann, AW, Stassun, KG, Burgasser, AJ, Rackham, BV, Howell, SB, Collins, KA, Barkaoui, K, Shporer, A, de Leon, J, Arnold, L, Ricker, GR, Vanderspek, R, Latham, DW, Seager, S, Winn, JN, Jenkins, JM, Burdanov, A, Charbonneau, D, Dransfield, G, Fukui, A, Furlan, E, Gillon, M, Hooton, MJ, Lewis, HM, Littlefield, C, Mireles, I, Narita, N, Ormel, CW, Quinn, SN, Sefako, R, Timmermans, M, Vezie, M & de Wit, J 2023, 'A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images', Astronomical Journal, vol. 166, no. 4, 165. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d

TY - JOUR

T1 - A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images

AU - Gan, Tianjun

AU - Cadieux, Charles

AU - Jahandar, Farbod

AU - Vazan, Allona

AU - Wang, Sharon X.

AU - Mao, Shude

AU - Alvarado-Montes, Jaime A.

AU - Lin, D. N.C.

AU - Artigau, Étienne

AU - Cook, Neil J.

AU - Doyon, René

AU - Mann, Andrew W.

AU - Stassun, Keivan G.

AU - Burgasser, Adam J.

AU - Rackham, Benjamin V.

AU - Howell, Steve B.

AU - Collins, Karen A.

AU - Barkaoui, Khalid

AU - Shporer, Avi

AU - de Leon, Jerome

AU - Arnold, Luc

AU - Ricker, George R.

AU - Vanderspek, Roland

AU - Latham, David W.

AU - Seager, Sara

AU - Winn, Joshua N.

AU - Jenkins, Jon M.

AU - Burdanov, Artem

AU - Charbonneau, David

AU - Dransfield, Georgina

AU - Fukui, Akihiko

AU - Furlan, Elise

AU - Gillon, Michaël

AU - Hooton, Matthew J.

AU - Lewis, Hannah M.

AU - Littlefield, Colin

AU - Mireles, Ismael

AU - Narita, Norio

AU - Ormel, Chris W.

AU - Quinn, Samuel N.

AU - Sefako, Ramotholo

AU - Timmermans, Mathilde

AU - Vezie, Michael

AU - de Wit, Julien

PY - 2023/10/1

Y1 - 2023/10/1

N2 - Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems has remained under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground-based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a radius of 1.22 ± 0.04 R J and a mass of 2.48 ± 0.09 M J, about 5 times heavier than most other giant planets around M dwarfs. It also has the highest planet-to-star mass ratio (q ∼ 4 × 10−3) among such systems. The host star is an early M dwarf with a mass of 0.61 ± 0.02 M ⊙ and a radius of 0.63 ± 0.02 R ⊙. It has significant supersolar iron abundance ([Fe/H] = 0.52 ± 0.08 dex). However, interior structure modeling suggests that its planet TOI-4201b is metal-poor, which challenges the classical core-accretion correlation of stellar−planet metallicity, unless the planet is inflated by additional energy sources. Building on the detection of this planet, we compare the stellar metallicity distribution of four planetary groups: hot/warm Jupiters around G/M dwarfs. We find that hot/warm Jupiters show a similar metallicity dependence around G-type stars. For M-dwarf host stars, the occurrence of hot Jupiters shows a much stronger correlation with iron abundance, while warm Jupiters display a weaker preference, indicating possible different formation histories.

AB - Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems has remained under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground-based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a radius of 1.22 ± 0.04 R J and a mass of 2.48 ± 0.09 M J, about 5 times heavier than most other giant planets around M dwarfs. It also has the highest planet-to-star mass ratio (q ∼ 4 × 10−3) among such systems. The host star is an early M dwarf with a mass of 0.61 ± 0.02 M ⊙ and a radius of 0.63 ± 0.02 R ⊙. It has significant supersolar iron abundance ([Fe/H] = 0.52 ± 0.08 dex). However, interior structure modeling suggests that its planet TOI-4201b is metal-poor, which challenges the classical core-accretion correlation of stellar−planet metallicity, unless the planet is inflated by additional energy sources. Building on the detection of this planet, we compare the stellar metallicity distribution of four planetary groups: hot/warm Jupiters around G/M dwarfs. We find that hot/warm Jupiters show a similar metallicity dependence around G-type stars. For M-dwarf host stars, the occurrence of hot Jupiters shows a much stronger correlation with iron abundance, while warm Jupiters display a weaker preference, indicating possible different formation histories.

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U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d

DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/acf56d

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85173213412

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 166

JO - Astronomical Journal

JF - Astronomical Journal

IS - 4

M1 - 165

ER -

A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images

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