A general and flexible access-control system for the web

We describe the design, implementation, and performance of a new system for access control on the web. To achieve greater flexibility in forming access-control policies – in particular, to allow better interoperability across administrative boundaries – we base our system on the ideas of proof-carrying authorization (PCA). We extend PCA with the notion of goals and sessions, and add a module system to the proof language. Our access-control system makes it possible to locate and use pieces of the security policy that have been distributed across arbitrary hosts. We provide a mechanism which allows pieces of the security policy to be hidden from unauthorized clients. Our system is implemented as modules that extend a standard web server and web browser to use proof-carrying authorization to control access to web pages. The web browser generates proofs mechanically by iteratively fetching proof components until a proof can be constructed. We provide for iterative authorization, by which a server can require a browser to prove a series of challenges. Our implementation includes a series of optimizations, such as speculative proving, and modularizing and caching proofs, and demonstrates that the goals of generality, flexibility, and interoperability are compatible with reasonable performance.